Evaluate the idea that gender and sexuality are socially constructed Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the idea that gender and sexuality ar lovingly constructed EssayIn recent years sociologists support been studying the gravid extent to which gender roles ar learned. M all manners that have tradition tot all(prenominal)yy been thought to be genetically de terminationined mannish or female behaviors turn rise up out to be learned behaviors and therefore subject to change in future generations. In a summary of gender role kindlyization studies, David Shaffer (1979) points out that by the age of two, children have generally learned to recognize maleness and femaleness on the basis of clothing and hair styles.By the age of three, children usually have learned to prefer sex-typed toys and recognize that girls get mommies and boys become daddies. By school-age, children realized that they are yielded to engage in appropriate gender behavior and if they do not, they will meet with disapproval from different children and adults. Many sociologists have personally questi championd the value of such early gender-role learning and raised dubiousnesss about how this learning sack inhibit later opportunities in terms of education and career selection (Howe, 1979).To understand how gender and sexuality are lovingly constructed we must look at the adjustive and functional nature of socialization. One grass look at the content of socialization as adaptive for the individual and functional for the corporation. As adaptive for the individual, the content of socialization involves familiarity necessary for individual to adapt to the changing situation of their daily lives, while, as a function for society, the content of socialization involves the companionship necessary for its members to maintain a society as an ongoing entity.Knowledge of social rules, appropriate e frontal behavior, social situations, technical knowledge, nonpareils ego-identity, and communicatory abilities give individuals an ability to adjust their behaviors to one anot her in the different groups and situations in which they encounter each other. Such adjustments are necessary for the ongoing populace of a society. only people know how to adjust their behaviors to each other can the group activities and relationships which make up a society be maintained. Only with a socialized adult population can anything such as a society be said to exist.The limited content of socialization becomes highly important in terms of the make-up of the society that one is observing. If the content of socialization were to change, peoples activities and motivations would change, and clearly the society would change. So, on a sociological quest the content of socialization is something to which the sociologist should and must pay attention (OBrien, 2001). Charles H. Cooley (1964), a pioneer of American socialization studies, referred to an individuals self-concept as a looking-glass self.Cooley implied that our self-conceptions reflect our interpretation of the rela tions to our behavior of those around us with whom we interact. According to Cooley, we not how others respond to our actions, which produces in us a feeling about ourselves, which influences how we discern ourselves. For instance a person who drops something and overhears anothers remark about how ham-fisted he is, may come to think of himself as a clumsy individual. We come to think of ourselves in terms of our understanding of how others think about us.It is through interaction that we come to apply to ourselves such labels as kind or mean, awkward or graceful. To see oneself as beautiful is to interact with persons who see you as meeting the criteria of beauty. Whether one sees oneself as an ugly duckling or a beautiful swan depends upon the flock with which one swims. As a naturalistic and empirical quest for understanding the variant aspects of social reality is that everyone both influences and is influenced by society, sociology is ultimately a quest for self understandin g. Humans beings are not isolated entities we are not hermits who live apart uninfluenced by one another.Rather, we are social beings who can only be fully understood when the social context of our actions are channeln into account and carefully studied. In order to carry out the quest for sociological knowledge it is necessary to have an understanding of the types, uses and limitations of the various sociological tools or methods. The sociological quest can be the appropriate sociological map or theory (Shaffer, 1979). Now I want to look at social life as a motion and structure in the social construction of gender and sexuality. Social life involves processes of socialization, destination, and deviance.Learning how to act in society via socialization, developing and sharing of orientations toward social life via culture, and the negative sanctioning of inappropriate behaviors via the labeling process of deviance are universal processes, which are necessary to social life, and fo und in all societies. Although their particular make-up will vary from society to society, these three processes exist in all human societies. But, in addition to these processes, there overly exists in all societies some relatively permanent patterns of organized social life that sociologists refer to as social structures.It is within and through social structures that the processes of socialization, culture and deviance take place. Just as the processes of human life take place in the structure of the human body so, too, the processes of society take place within and are influenced by social structures (Macionis, 1997). The most basic social structure around and through which social life takes place are groups groups range in surface from relatively small informal groups such as families, to rotund bureaucracies and formal organizations such as businesses and governmental agencies.All groups are composed of members who have met sure criteria for membership, who play certain un derstood roles in the group, and who have a sense of group belonging, which is sometimes termed a we-feeling or a consciousness-of kind. Groups, related to one another in terms of their performing similar social activities, together from the social structures called social institutions. For example all the groups primarily involved in educational activities together form a societys educational institution. It is through and in groups, and the institutions that they compose that the basic social processes of a society take place.It is in social groups that the learning of socialization takes place that cultural roles are shared and acted upon, and that deviance is ascertained and punished. People know how to perform roles in groups because they have knowledge of how to act which they developed in the process of socialization, because they share cultural understandings with other group members with whom they interact, because they have an understanding of what is considered deviant an d unacceptable behavior in the various groups to which they belong (OBrien, 2001).When we consider how females and males differ, the first thing that usually comes to mind is sex, the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females. Primary sex characteristics consist of a vagina or a phallus and other organs related to reproduction, secondary sex characteristics are the physical distinctions between males and females that are not directly connected with reproduction. Secondary sex characteristics become clearly evident at puberty, when males develop much(prenominal) muscles, a lower voice, and to a greater extent hair and height while females form more fatty tissue, broader hips, and large breasts.Gender is a social and not a biological characteristic. Gender consists of whatever traits a group considers proper for its males and females. This is what makes gender vary from one society to another. Sex refers to male or female, gender refers to masculinity or femini nity, so sex you inherit and you learn your gender as you are socialized into particular(prenominal) behaviors and attitudes (Gilmore, 1990). The sociological significance of gender is that it is a device by which society controls its members.Gender sorts us on the basis of sex, into different life experiences. It open and closes doors to occasion, property, and counterbalance prestige. Like social class, gender is a geomorphologic feature of society. Biology plays a significant role in our lives. Each of us begins as a fertilized egg. The egg, or ovum, is contributed by our mother, the sperm that fertilizes the egg by our father. At the very moment the egg is fertilized, our sex is determined. Each of us receives cardinal pairs of chromosomes from the ovum and twenty-three from the sperm.The egg has an X chromosome. If the sperm that fertilized the egg also has an X chromosome, we become female. If the sperm has a Y chromosome we become male. Thats the biology. Now the sociolo gical question is, does this biological difference control our behavior? Does it make females more nurturing and submissive and males more aggressive and domineering? (Macionis, 1997) Almost all sociologists take the side of cherish in this nature vs. nurture controversy. The dominant sociological position is represented by the symbolic interactionists.They stress that the visible differences of sex do not come with meanings built into them. Rather each human group determines what these physical differences mean for them and on that basis assigns males and females to separate groups. It is here that people learn what is expected of them and are given different access to their societys privileges. Most sociologists find compelling argument that if biology were the principal factor in human behavior all around the world we would find women to be one sort of person and men another.In fact, ideals of gender vary greatly from one culture to another and as a result, so do male-female beh aviors. For example the Tahitians in the South Pacific show a remarkable contrast to our usual expectations of gender. They mountt give their children names that are identifiable as male or female, and they dont divide their labor on the basis of gender. They expect both men and women to be passive, yielding and to ignore slights. Neither male nor females are competitive in trying to attain material possessions (Gilmore, 1990). Society also channels our behavior through gender socialization.By expecting different attitudes and behaviors from us because we are male or female, the human group nudges boys and girls in separate directions in life. This foundation of contrasting attitudes and behaviors is so thorough that, as adults most of us think, act and even feel according to our cultures guidelines of what is appropriate for our sex. Our parents are the first significant others who teaches us our part in this symbolic division of the world. Their own gender orientations are so fir mly established that they do very much of this teaching without even being aware of what they are doing.This is illustrated by a classic study done by psychologists Susan G white-hairedberg and Michael Lewis (1969). They asked mothers to bring their 6 month old infants into their laboratory to supposedly observe the infants development. Secretly these researchers also observed the mothers. They found that the mothers kept their daughters closer to them. They also touch and spoke more to their daughters. By the time the children were 13 months old, the girls stayed closer to their mothers during play, and they returned to them sooner and more often than did the boys.When they set up barriers to separate the children from their mothers, who were hiding toys, the girls were more likely to cry and motion for help, the boys ere likely to try to climb over the barrier. Goldberg and Lewis (1969) were able to conclude that in our society mothers unconsciously reward their daughters for bei ng passive and dependent, their sons for being active and independent. These lessons carry on throughout childhood. On the basis of their sex, children are given different kinds of toys.Preschool boys are allowed to roam farther from home than their preschool sisters, and they are subtly encouraged to participate in more rough and tumble play. Even get dirtier and to me more defiant. Such experiences in socialization lie at the heart of the sociological explanation of male/female differences (OBrien, 2001). In todays society mass media plays a vital role in gender and sexuality roles. Sociologist stress how this sorting process that begins in the family is reinforced as the child is exposed to other aspects of society.Especially important today are the mass media, forms of communication that are directed to large audiences. Powerful images of both sexes on television, music and the internet reinforce societys expectation of gender. Television reinforces stereotypes of the sexes. On prime time television, male characters total female characters by two to one. They also are more likely to be portrayed in higher status positions. Viewers get the message, for the more television that people watch the more they tend to have restrictive ideas about womens role in society. The expectations to the stereotypes are notable and a sign of changing times.Video games have some youths spending countless hours playing games. Even college students, especially males, relieve stress by escaping into video games. But more studies into the affect of these games on the ideas of gender are needed. Because the games are the cutting edge of society, they sometimes also reflect cutting edge changes in sex roles (Macionis, 1997). As women change their roles in society, the mass media reflects those changes. Although media images of women are passive, subordinate, or as mere background objects remain and still predominate, a new image has broken through.Exaggerating changes in society, this new image nonetheless reflects a changing role of women, from passive to active in life outside the home, from acquiescent to dominate in social relations. Books, magazines, DVDs and video games are made available to a mass audience. And with new digital advances they have crossed the line form what we traditionally think of as games to something that more closely resembles interactive movies. Sociologically, what is significant is that the content of video games socializes their users. Gamers are exposed not only to action, but also to ideas as they play.Especially significant are gender images that communicate powerful messages, just as they do in other forms of mass media (OBrien, 2001). Lara Croft, an adventure seeking archaeologist and star of Tomb Raider and Tomb Raider 2, is the essence of the new gender image. Lara is smart, strong, and able to utterly vanquish foes. With both guns blazing, she is the cowboy of the twenty-first century, the term cowboy being purposely chosen, as Lara breaks gender roles and assumes what previously was the domain of men. The old remains powerfully encapsulated in the new. Lara is a fantasy girl for modern men of the digital generation.No matter her foe, no matter her predicament, Lara always is outfitted in form fitting outfits, which reflect the mental images of the men who created this digital character. Their efforts have been so successful that boys and young men have bombarded corporate headquarters with questions about Laras personal life. Lara had caught young mens thaumaturgy to such an extent that more than 100 web sites are devoted to her. The final reward of the game is to see Lara in a nightie one can question that regardless of tough girl images just how far stereotypes have been left behind (Macionis, 1997).Gender stratification gives males and females unequal access to power and prestige and property on the basis of sex. It is closely associated with class and caste stratification and is a related phenomenon of gender stratification. Some but not all societies have men and women as unequal with the latter being more seen. Sexual in equality is characteristic of societies that are stratified in other ways as swell. Women have historically occupied a position of inferiority to men in the class structured societies of the Western world.Sexual disparity may sometimes be seen in societies that are not otherwise stratified, in such instances men and women are always physically as well as conceptually separated from one another. The rise of gender stratification often seems to be associated with the development of strongly centralized states. Because social stratification of any kind tends to make life oppressive for large segments of a population, the lower classes are usually placated by means of religion, which promises them a better existence in the hereafter.Gender inequality is not some accident instead it is the institutions of each society that work together to maintain t he groups particular forms of inequality. usage throughout history both justify and maintain these arrangements. Although men have resisted sharing their privileged positions with women, change has come (OBrien, 2001). By playing a loaded role in the decision making processes of our social institutions, women are going against the stereotypes and role models that lock males into exclusively male activities and push females into roles that re considered feminine.As structural barriers fall and more activities are engendered, both males and females will be free to pursue activities that are more compatible with their abilities and desires as individuals. As they develop a new consciousness of themselves and their own potential, relationships between females and males will change. Certainly distinctions between the sexes will not disappear. There is no reason for biological differences to be translated into social inequalities. The reasonable goal is appreciation of sexual difference s coupled with equality of opportunity which may lead to a transformed society.

Personal Theory Paper Essay Example for Free

Personal Theory Paper EssayAbstractThis paper is the infractment of my personal surmisal on Christian advocator. I use some(prenominal) scriptural references to support my beliefs and stress the importance of gaining wisdom and knowledge from the bible. It incorporates all of the presentations, readings, and critiques I did at Liberty Universitys Theology and Spirituality in focus course. I talk about how I integrate Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality into my Christian counseling and believe that they all have a lot to offer the Christian pleader. The role of integration and multitasking is needed to be an effective Christian counsel under the selectlines of the Ameri push aside Association of Christian Counselors. The method actings and skills of a beneficial Christian proponent is to differentiate their limits and boundaries, continue education, fellowship, and present themselves in a Christ- the like manner.IntroductionThis paper starts a fount at numerous Christian authors and how their theories of counseling have influenced and helped me arm my aver theory of counseling. Through multitasking any counselor squirt view a situation through more divergent perspectives. It is not angiotensin converting enzyme method that will bring about bring toing in a person, exclusively an integration of numerous methods and theories. A close look at understanding humanity disposition, where paradoxs atomic number 18 developed, how to source problems and structure effective intervention, and looking at how my worldview influences my theory, outlines in detail the construction of my comprehensive counseling theory.What is Important for Understanding Human personality?PersonalityAs a counselor it is important to understand the development of a clients personality and Dr. Hawkins (2006) presents a model of human personality through his concentric spates. paragon is in the center, then the Soul, Body, temporal role Systems, and on the out side Supernatural. When integrity system is notfunctioning properly other systems write d confess to be affected. Every bingle was created in the image and likeness of graven image (Genesis 127). Christians argon to strive to become Christ-like and this does not happen without discipline.MotivationThe theories of Adams (1986) are based on 2 Timothy 316-17 which says, All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for all(prenominal) good work. Adams counseling relies on the Holy Spirit to convict the person to consume to change later on hearing the truth of the Word of God. He discredits psychology and believes that God is the only one needed to instigate a person to change.This is one of the more uttermost(a) theories and is correct in that God necessitate to be the main source one taps into. God, throughout the bible, used many different directions to motivat e His people to change. One way was through a donkey that spoke to Balaam after he struck him three times for not moving (Numbers 22). The nonesuch of the LORD asked him, Why have you beaten your donkey these three times? I have come here to oppose you because your path is a reckless one before me. (Numbers 2232 New International Version). on that point are many ways that God will use to motivate change.Dr. Wilson (2001), Backus, and Chapian (2000) take a different approach with ones past hurts and his or her interpretation of them being what motivates them. When one is hurt by others they are more plausibly to continue the cycle of hurt. Romans 1217 says, Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of everyone (NIV). Wilson did not want the person to minimize the wrong that has been done to them, but give it over to God and allow God to heal their wounds. Backus and Chapian feel that if one can change his or her thinking then they can change hi s or her future behaviors. They all agree that ones past can every hinder them or push them forward to being motivated to change.Crabb (1986) believes growth and change are an ever changing bear on for both the counselor and the counselee. He feels that one is suffering from unreachable goals, external circumstances and fear of failure (p.76). He takes the approach that the church can develop programs that can help those who want to change. The three general levels of counseling that Crabb presents are Level I-Counseling By Encouragement, Level II- Counseling By Exhortation and Level III-Counseling By Enlightenment (p. 190). The person acting as the counselor needs to build a relationship with the person for any level of his methods to really be effective. The relationship helps one to be motivated to open up and want to change. The process and ways to counsel are always changing. Knowing different theories, how to use them, and when to use them is what makes an effective counselo r.Human informationHuman development is an ongoing process of not well(p), Hawkins concentric circle known as, the remains, but the soul. His Temporal Systems circle that includes family, friends, church, society, government, economy, and education are what help find out and develop these areas of ones life. During this process of human development painful things happen and if not dealt with can cause damaging results later. The title of Wilsons book, appall People Hurt People, is a perfect description of what can happen. Wilson, knowing change is not easy, said it best when she said, We must enter the change process with open eyes. When we do, well see that the necessary truth requires tears, time and pull down some terror (p. 96). God reminds us in Philippians 413 that we can do everything through Him who gives me strength. The process of human development is not an easy or painless one, but in the end we become more like Christ, which is the ultimate goal.Individual Develop mentThe counseling process is not about one method working for every person, but each person being an unmarried with specific plans for change. This is why it is important to find out the clients culture, beliefs, and lifestyle experiences that have shaped them to this point. Western culture emphasizes various(prenominal)ity and coming into ones own person, but not all cultures encourage this. This is why it is important to allow the client to be the educator during the assessment process. When forming a specific strategy for revolution counselors integrate his or her education and the knowledge they gained from the individual client, which then generates a platform fordiscipline.One of these disciplines is learning boundaries, according to Cloud and Townsend (1999). Hebrews 1211 says, No discipline seems pleasant at the time, but painful. Later on, however, it produces a harvest of righteousness and peace for those who have been trained by it. This is why Cloud and Townsend go o n to say, The painful discipline of boundaries will eventually bear good results in our lives (p. 203). One does not change and become a whole individual overnight, but with hard work, discipline, and willingness to go through the process it can eventually happen. Where Problems are DevelopedConceptualizing Health and WellnessA person needs to look past the why and focus on the healing. God understands that unpleasant things happen, but does not want one to dwell on the evil, because it can create even additional sickness. In creating sleep together physical and spiritual wholeness scripture, positive fellowship, and prayer are vital. Anderson (2006) recognizes how the different Temporal Systems, Hawkins presented, can negatively impact a persons behavior. This then can manifest destructively into our physical bodies. One again overcomes this by binding it in the supernatural and allowing God to heal them from the inside out. God says, He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds (Psalms 1473). The person needs to surround themselves with positive people who will uplift and encourage them. The different Temporal Systems can either affect one negatively or positively and some of that duty is on the person. Hart (2001) discusses some practical things that can be done to gain physical and spiritual wholeness.These things included, but were not limited to, sleep, healthy eating, exercise, and sometimes medication. Sleep and rest are one of the easiest and cheapest of the methods and also the one that is always put aside as unimportant. There are some cultures that set aside specific times in the day to rest, for different reasons. Christians need to learn from these cultures and also take heed to God when he said in Exodus 2312, Six days do your work, but on the seventh day do not work. This scripture is not meant to be taken to the extreme, but to be understood that The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath (Mark 227). God wants us to underst and the importance and power of rest in relationship to wellbeing.Psychological and Spiritual IllnessThere are times in life when one will experience spiritual brokenness and need to seek God and counsel for wholeness. The stories in the bible are not just for historic reasons, but to give us examples on how to live our lives. David was a man who endured many hardships and attacks, but he relied on God to be his protector and restorer. David at one point in his life went away to the Cave of Adullam, which means refuge. Sometimes the counseling setting is the place of refuge for the client and the counselor needs to allow God to guide and direct them in the healing process.David said a prayer to God, while in the cave, which began with vocalizing his anguish, but ends with I song to you, professional I say, You are my refuge, my portion in the land of the living. Listen to my cry, for I am in desperate need rescue me from those who pursue me, for they are too strong for me. Set me free from my prison, that I may praise your name. Then the righteous will gather about me because of your goodness to me (Psalms 1425-7). Counselors need to guide the counselee to a place of desperation and realization that there is freedom in Christ.There are many reasons for a client to be psychologically inflammatory and a counselor needs to do a thorough evaluation to measure the severity of it. This will benefit not only the client, but the counselor when deciding a treatment plan. There are some psychological and mental illnesses that a counselor is not equipped to handle and a referral to a psychiatrist might be needed. Anderson feels that most mental disorders are from the enemy and not due to chemical changes or neurological disorders. This way of thinking can be very dangerous for the client and the counselor. It does not matter where the psychological anguish comes from, but how to treat it. A counselor always wants to be skilled in the treatment of psychological and sp iritual illnesses or refer there client to another.Hart believes that anxiety is one of the leading psychological illnesses facing Americans straightaway and counselors need to learn the different methods for treating it. He presents many different methods that could work for not only Christians, but for anyone struggling with anxiety. His advice, for howto maintain a healthier body and soul, is practical and very relevant. The counselor needs to take the time to understand what each client is dealing with spiritually and psychologically. They need to have knowledge of many different theories and treatment methods for both and how to implement them. The client needs to determine if they want to incorporate God in their healing process. Once this is established the counselor can then work with the client on a treatment plan for healing. Role of Integration and MultitaskingAs a Christian counselor one needs to learn the skill of integrating psychological, theological and spiritual co unseling methods into the counseling process. Crabb presents four ways Christian counselors integrate psychology, theology, and the bible into the counseling process. fragmentize but Equal (keeping them completely separate), Tossed Salad (blending of them all with no sifting of Psychology and theology), and Nothing Buttery (disregarding Psychology altogether), and a Spoiling the Egyptians approach (integrating them all into ones counseling) are the four methods he presents.A Christian counselor is accountable to God and needs to rely on Him to show them how to integrate different methods of psychology and theology to the counseling process. The scriptures say it best in Titus 27-8, In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching show integrity, sincerity and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have nothing bad to say about us. Multitasking is the main persona in discerning and recognizing the real needs of the client and is to be taken seriously.How to Source Problems and Structure Effective InterventionKey Elements of my Comprehensive TheoryAs a Christian counselor it is my job to educate myself on the numerous theories being used today and what I want to use in my own counseling practice. I do not agree with any one theory presented by the numerous authors, but gleaned from each one. I believe, like Crabb and Hawkins, that the problem at the surface is not necessarily the main issue that needs dealing with. I want to get to the root of issues and lead the client to complete wholeness and freedom. Galatians 51 says, It is for freedom thatChrist has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery. Anderson talks about how one allows the enemy power in their lives and does not realize what little power he has. I recognize that educating Christians on the power of Christ and the authority they have over the enemy will em power them in the healing process.Adams methods are based on 2 Timothy 316-17 which says, all scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work. I agree with him and this scripture verse, but I do not shut out psychology altogether like he does.Scriptures, like Isaiah 58 6-11, have been an inspiration in my own personal healing. Isaiah 5811 says, The Lord will guide you always he will indulge your needs in a sun-scorched land and will strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters neer fail. I know the power of knowing the scripture and implementing it in my life. This is why as a Christian counselor the use of scripture would be necessary in any healing process I choose for the client. I as a counselor want to be guided by the Lord and use whatever method he reveals to me to bring others healing in their lives. I t is important to me, as a Christian counselor, to find a balance in the use of scripture, numerous theories, and psychology.Process and TechniquesThe counseling process is guided by many codes of ethics mainly set up by the American Counseling Association (ACA, 2012) and American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC, 2012). I personally am guided by the scripture, brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirableif anything is excellent or praiseworthythink about such things (Philippians 48). The way one counsels will not be effective if the counselor is not acting in a moral and ethical way.Cloud and Townsend talk about the use of boundaries in all aspect of life. This is not just for the client to learn, but the counselor in relation to the counseling process. As a Christian counselor I do not want to bust anyone away and therefore need to know how to integrate many different techniques. Scripture is not just for the believer, but has many moral principles that can be used for anyone seekinghelp. Jesus taught in parables, so that anyone could understand Him. I want implement techniques specific to each client in a way they will understand.Demonstration of EffectivenessI am a firm believer that to be an effective counselor I need to have allowed God to work in my life first. Mathew 73 says, Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brothers eye and pay no worry to the plank in your own eye? This scripture is talking about not judging others, but the principle can be used for the counselor as well. How can one counsel on healing and freedom, when they themselves are not free?The counselor also needs to educate him or herself on various methods of treatment to be able to create specific and effective treatment plans for the client. It is important to be flexible in the process and allow manner for the Holy Spirit to guide the sessions. Every client is unique a nd not one method will work for each situation. Hawkinss concentric circles theory allows the counselor to listen to the client and learn from them. Counselor takes more time to listen to the client and find out what affects the person in each circle and what is important. This method of counseling allows for the counselor to be educated and for a more specific treatment plan to be developed.How my Worldview influences my TheoryView of Psychology, Theology, and SpiritualityI personally feel that psychology, theology, and spirituality all have a place in the counseling process. God is my guide and the one whom I filter everything through. I will not practice those theories that discredit the bible or go against biblical principles. Christian counselors need to study the scriptures and have a solid root to filter different theories through. Mathew 633 says, Seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well. When I seek God He will in turn give me wisdom as I learn about different methods and theories.Approach to IntegrationThe mind obtains knowledge, but the heart and soul produce wisdom. Aneffective counselor does not just seek knowledge, but wisdom. Counseling is a calling that in turn requires spectacular responsibility, We have wronged no one, we have corrupted no one, we have exploited no one (2 Corinthians 72). I have an ethical and moral responsibility to my clients and can only maintain this with the help of Christ.ConclusionThrough the different readings in this course and the knowledge obtained thus far, I was able to develop a foundation for my theories about the counseling process. I recognize the importance of knowing the bible and seeking God for wisdom on filtering different theories that are presented to me. There are many types of sicknesses spiritual, physical, and psychological and I now have more effective ways to handle each one. I will continue to develop this theory as I gain more knowledge a nd wisdom in this counseling program at Liberty University and during my many years of as counselor.

Determine The Motivation Factors Tourism Essay

Determine The Motivation Factors Tourism Essay1.0 IntroductionThis chapter is an introductory chapter. It intend to discuss on background of the bailiwick, highlight the trouble statement, depict research accusings and questions and explain significance of the study, provide outline of the study and sum up a conclusion of this chapter.1.1 Background of the mootBefore social class 1997, the redress companies in Malaysia are operating as private company complied by the Insurance Act 1963. Yet, followed by the enactment of Insurance Act 1996 which started into hurtle on 1st January 1997, all the restitution companies are converted to public company which licensed by the Ministry of Finance under the Companies Act 1965 (Bank Negara Malaysia BNM, 2005). The growth of the insurance pains is closely related to the domestic economy of Malaysia.Based on the financial performance, the revenue of insurance industry in Malaysia is increasing gradually form by yr. It had shown that a n increase of RM 1,110,806 or 7.87% in the income of insurance industry in Malaysia in year 2010 as compared to year 2009. Income of RM 14,114,618 and RM 15,225,424 are recorded respectively for year 2009 and 2010 (Malaysia Insurance Institute, 2010). Meanwhile, the number of registered agents is also growing up year by year. There was a growth from 116,008 agents in year 2009 to 122,399 agents in year 2010, which was increase by 6,391 agents (BNM, 2010).Motivation is the part of commitment and results in achieving the organizational objectives at the appropriate way. Job satisfaction of employees can be motivated by divers(prenominal) motif factors (Balachandar, Panchanatham Subramanian, 2010). harmonise to Tripathi (2001) most of the companies usually motivate their employees by offering economic reward, recognition, promotion, blood security department, procreation and authority.When customer comes to buy insurance, very few wad contact an insurance company directly, the insurance agent play the role to solicit and sell insurance policies to the general public. No doubt, the revenue of insurance industry is very much depending on the sales gained by the insurance agents. Hence, motivation plays a great role to encourage insurance agents to gain professionally in delivering their services to customers. Insurance agents will feel satisfied with their caper when companies apply the motivation factors correctly on them. Insurance companies motivate their insurance agents by freehand rewards such as extra bonus or company trip to appreciate their effort in getting sales for the insurance company.1.3 Problem program lineNowadays, more people want to become insurance agents, which led to the increased of challenges. The statistical report of Bank Negara Malaysia stated that the number of registered insurance agents had increased 5.51% from 2009 to 2010 (BNM, 2010). Normally, insurance agents do not have any basic salary but their pay is based on comm ission. Insurance agents try to retain and increase their soft touch productivity in order to satisfy their product lines, save their jobs and increase their well-being because the wages of insurance agent depends on a commission basis (Christopher, 2007). According to Bakos (2008) insurance agents retain in the company is highly influenced by commission as remuneration. If the commission to the insurance agents is low, it will de-motivate them and leads to resignation.Past studies showed that motivation and job satisfaction have direct relationship to influence employee retention and performance among various types of organization (Goleman, 1998). According to Cravens, Ingram, LaForge and Young (2010) giving a right tool of training and development can motivate insurance agents more successful in selling life insurance products. Training and development can improve the job skills and knowledge of insurance agents at each take aim. Therefore, employees should be given more opport unities for advancement to motivate them in order to enhance their job satisfaction level (Feinstein, 2000). Besides, Tripathi (2001) stated that employees can be motivated by job security, recognition, promotion and training to enhance job satisfaction.There are several past researchers Hassan (2010), Salleh, Dzulkifli, Abdullah and Ariffin (2011), Golshan, Kaswuri, Aghashahi, Amin and Ismail (2011) studies on the relationship between motivation factors and job satisfaction among nurses, state Government employees and Gen-Y administrative and diplomatic officers in Malaysia but lack of studies on insurance agents in Malaysia. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between motivation factors and job satisfaction among insurance agents in Malaysia.1.4 Research Questions and Objectives1.4.1 General ObjectiveThe major objective of this research is to identify and determine the motivation factors that influence job satisfaction of insurance agents in Malaysia. 1.4.2 General QuestionWhat are the motivation factors that influence job satisfaction of insurance agents in Malaysia?1.4.3 Specific ObjectivesTo investigate whether commission pay influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia.To investigate whether job security influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia.To investigate whether opportunities for advancement and development influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia.To investigate whether work itself influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia.1.4.4 Research Questions testament commission pay influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia?Will job security influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia?Will opportunities for advancement and development influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia?Will work itself influence insurance agents job satisfaction in Malaysia?1.5 Significance of the StudyThis research is tending to contribute to the individual and co mpanies. To through this research, the insurance companies will know the importance of the insurance agents job satisfaction and knowing the level of job satisfaction of insurance agents. Meanwhile, individual can also gain a better understanding on motivation factors that can lead them to job satisfaction.The second aim of this research is to narrow the gap with regards to understanding job satisfaction of insurance agents by studying the motivation factors that influence insurance agents job satisfaction. Insurance companies will get to know more about the motivation factors that influence the insurance agents job satisfaction by offer some rewards system to satisfy insurance agents. This enables them to build long-term profitability and retain persisting growth in their businesses to gain competitive advantages in the insurance industry.This research will also expose a new knowledge to the public who has stake on the job of an insurance agent. It assists the public on raising k nowledge and awareness of motivation factors that influence the job satisfaction of the insurance agents.1.6 Outline of the StudyChapter two shows the related literature review that provides the foundation for developing the theoretical framework to proceed with further investigation and hypotheses testing.Chapter three presents the research methodology apply to test the research questions. It includes research design, population, sample and sampling procedures, selective information collection method, variables and measurement, and data analysis techniques.Chapter four is the description of the data analysis. It presents the overall result and findings from the data collection. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is used to generate results in this research.Chapter five is summaries the research finding and also discusses the major finding. Besides, it also discusses the limitation of the study as well as provides the recommendation for future researchers.1.7 ConclusionT his chapter is about the overview of this study stated on the above. This study aims to determine the motivation factors affecting toward insurance agents job satisfaction so as to contribute for insurance companies and the public. In the following chapter two, it will provide the literature review of this study.

Identification of Organic Compounds

Identification of Organic CompoundsMay Zheng Lab Partner Vena GanesarasaObservationsTable 1 The Use of one Solution for Determining the front man of amylum in Various strains SolutionsSampleAmyloseMaltoseSucroseGlucoseUnknown XUnknown YDistilled WaterObservations uninfected yellow, cloudy, luculentTransparent calorie-free yellow, smooth-spokenClear, neutral liquidClear, glossaryless liquidWhite liquidOrange liquidClear, colourless liquid color of SolutionDark blue/ swarthy liquidClear yellow liquidClear, dark yellow liquidRed/brown liquidBlueDark blue/ black liquidYellow/ chromatic liquidTable 2 The Use of benedicts Solution for Determining the Presence of Sugar in Various Samples SolutionsSampleAmyloseMaltoseSucroseGlucoseUnknown XUnknown YDistilled WaterObservationsLight yellow, cloudy, liquidTransparent let rase yellow, liquidClear, colourless liquidClear, colourless liquidWhite liquidOrange liquidClear, colourless liquidColour of SolutionOrange liquidDark orange liqui dClear, light blue liquidYellowish/whitish lessenBeige liquidLime green liquidClear blue liquidTable 3 The Use of Biurets Reagent for Determining the Presence of Protein in Various Samples SolutionsSampleAmyloseMaltoseSucroseGlucoseUnknown XUnknown YDistilled WaterObservationsLight yellow, cloudy, liquidTransparent light yellow, liquidClear, colourless liquidClear, colourless liquidWhite liquidOrange liquidClear, colourless liquidColour of SolutionNo colour changeNo colour changeClear light blue liquidVery light blue/ duster liquidBeige liquidYellow liquidClear light blue liquidTable 4 The Use of Sudan (III) Solution for Determining the Presence of Lipid in Various Samples SolutionsSampleAmyloseMaltoseSucroseGlucoseUnknown XUnknown YDistilled WaterObservationsLight yellow, cloudy, liquidTransparent light yellow, liquidClear, colourless liquidClear, colourless liquidWhite liquidOrange liquidClear, colourless liquidColour of SolutionPinkish cherry on top, yellowish/white on tin can Light pink liquidLight orange liquid pinkish social class, white on bottomPink layer, milky/ whitish layer on bottomOrangey on top, yellow on bottomClear very faint pink when indicator was added colour slowly faded awayDiscussionThe distilled pissing in this try out functioned as the control sample. A control sample should be a constant variable that was not exposed to the f effectors being experimented in the experiment. In this case, the purpose of the lab was to determine the presence of starch, lipid, protein, and earnings in assorted solutions. Distilled water did not contain any of these experimental factors and at that placefore it acted as a control sample. The distilled water played a very important voice in this experiment considering that the results of the experimental samples must be compared to the control in order to form a conclusion (Rodriguez, 2013). By comparing the results of the control, the colour changes which had occurred in the experimental samples could be identified. If there was no control, one wouldnt have been able to determine any valid changes in the experimental results since there was secret code to compare them to in order to verify the changes. In this experiment, distilled water was use as the control instead of tap water because of the absence of metals and minerals such as iron and calcium. These elements have the potential to alter the results of the experiment by creating unwanted reactions with other midpoints in the experiment. Therefore, in order to have an accurate control to act as a reference source for the results of the experimental samples, distilled water was used (Myers, 2013).The Iodine solution was commonly used to test for the presence of starch in a substance. During the presence of starch, the Iodine solution would turn into a dark blue/black colour. The colour change was caused by the chemic reaction amongst the starch and the ace. Amylose was a polysaccharide consisting of glucose units i t was a type of starch, in fact starch was made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. Therefore in this experiment, when the iodine solution was added into the Amylose solution, the resulting solution had a loggerheaded bluish-black colour. The helix coordinate of amylose resembled a coiled spring. The element iodine, a non-polar molecule, on its own was water-insoluble in water hence it was dissolved in an aqueous potassium iodide solution forming potassium triiodide which was soluble in water. The linear triiodide ion (I3-) basically slipped inside the coil of the amylose molecule resulting in an extremely blue/black colour. The transfer of charged p names (electrons) which occurred between the amylose and the iodide ion altered the spaces between the susceptibility trains/electron orbitals. This meant that light was absorbed by the solution at a different wavelength resulting in the colour change. The presence of starch was also contumacious in the unknown X and unkno wn Y solutions. The unknown X solution had a less deep shade of blue indicating that there was a lower concentration of starch in that substance (Iodine test for, 2012).benedicks solution was a clear blue liquid containing squealer sulfate used to test for the presence of simple carbohydrates such as allmonosaccharides and some(prenominal) disaccharides like maltose. The presence of these sugars such as glucose triggered a chemical reaction between the sugar and copper sulfate (after heating which provides the energy required to broach the reaction) resulting in a reddish-brown precipitate if there was a high concentration of sugar (2% or more). The solution could also turn greenish, yellow, or orange with lower concentrations of sugar. During this experiment, the glucose solution changed into a dark orange-red colour, date unknown X turned into a light yellow/beige colour, the unknown Y with a lime green colour and the maltose resulted in a yellowish-green colour. This suggest ed that the sugar content in maltose, unknown X and Y was low (less than 2%) compared to glucose (Benedicts reagent, 2014).Specifically, the Benedicts solution tested for bring down sugars which consisted of an aldehyde group (presence of the CHO group). In the presence of reducing sugars, the copper (II) ions were cut back to copper (I) ions forming copper (I) oxide, a reddish-brown precipitate that was insoluble in water. In this experiment, the glucose possessed accessible electrons for donation, which the blue copper (II) ions were willing to receiving/accept to become reduced to reddish copper (II) ions. When the glucose donated an electron, it became oxidized while the copper (II) was reduced. For this reason, glucose was considered to be a reducing sugar capable of initiating a chemical reaction with the copper sulfate in Benedicts solution. Similarly, maltose, a reducing disaccharide, reacted with the benedicts solution when heated to form a murky yellow precipitate. Malto se molecules have a linear open-chain structure which made them accessible to react with the copper sulfate in Benedicts solution resulting in a dark yellowish colour indicating a low concentration of sugar (Yool, 2014).However, sucrose, also a disaccharide, did not provide a positive test for sugar. This was because sucrose was not a reducing sugar. The bail between the two sugars which made up sucrose, fructose and glucose, was formed in a particular way which inhibited the sucrose to isomerize to aldehyde form causing it to be a non-reducing sugar. The molecular structure of sucrose was not linear meaning that it was incapable of opening it was basically stuck in its cyclical form. This prevented the sucrose from donating electrons and reducing the copper (II) in Benedicts solution resulting in no chemical reaction, colour change, or formation of precipitate (Benedicts reagent, 2014).Biurets reagent was used to test for the presence of protein. The chemical reaction which occurre d in the presence of protein resulted in a violet colour solution callable to the peptide bonds which made up protein. The biuret reagent contained hydrated copper sulfate the copper (II) ions formed coordination complexes as the single electron pairs of the four nitrogen atoms in peptide bonds surrounded a central atom which was the copper (II) ion. As the metal complex was formed, the wavelength at which light was absorbed changed to violet from clear blue indicating the presence of protein. Additionally, the expectanter the marrow the protein in a solution, the more intense the colour change considering that there were more peptide bonds present resulting in long chain peptides (Biuret test, 2014).Sudan III was a red reagent that detected the presence of lipids. This solution was insoluble in water, however would dissolve in lipids. It would stain the present lipid an orange-red colour. In this experiment, only the unknown Y solution presented a distinctive orangey colour on t op of a yellow solution after the addition of the Sudan III reagent suggesting the presence of lipid in this unknown solution. This showed a clear withdrawal of the lipid and water portions of the solution considering that the two did not mix lipid molecules were nonpolar while water molecules were polar. For this reason, the staining had only occurred at the top layer of the solution (Sudan iii, 2014).Carbohydrates were essential nutrients to leading a healthy diet. They were important energy source for the human embody. However, they were not used straightaway due to excess ingestion the body would store the carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver. The body used the glycogen stored in the muscles while the brain go fored energy from the glycogen stored in the liver which could only support a limited amount. Therefore, upon excess consumption of carbohydrates, the carbohydrates would be converted into fat which was stored in the fatty tissues. This would also simultaneously change magnitude the glucose levels in tune which triggered the release of insulin in order to make homeostasis. Insulin was a hormone secreted by the pancreas into the bloodstream with the purpose of lowering the sugar levels. A great quantity of insulin not only triggered the body to store the extra carbohydrates as fat but also inhibited the release of the stored fat. This meant that the stored fat lost its might to be used as energy. Additionally, high levels of insulin restrained the secretion of glucagon and growth hormones. Glucagon was a hormone secreted in the pancreas that initiated the breakdown of fat and sugar to increase the blood sugar levels. Growth hormone was responsible for muscle development. Lastly, the excess intake of carbohydrates which increased the blood glucose levels caused the secretion of extra insulin in order to lower the sugar level at a rapid rate. This caused hunger considering that after a short amount of time the bodys blo od sugar levels would be lower than normal causing the hungry sensation to convince the body to consume more carbohydrates increase the sugar levels (The relationship between, 2008).Cholesterol was a waxy, sterol, substance order in most body tissue such as in bloodstream and the nerves. This compound was produced by the liver in the human body and circulated through ones blood stream. Cholesterol could also be found in ones diet foods with a great amount of saturated and trans fat such as meat and dairy products contained this substance. The presence of high level of cholesterol in the body greatly increased the lay on the line of many heart diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. This was because when there was an excess amount of cholesterol in the blood, it could accumulate in the interior walls of arteries which provided various split of the body the nutrients and oxygen needed to function properly. Plaque was formed as the extra cholesterol and other substances such as fat and calcium stuck to the inside walls of the blood vessel. This sticky substance would harden and decrease the circumferences and flexibility/elasticity of arteries. This health issue was known as atherosclerosis the clotting of blood vessels due to the buildup of nerve limiting the flow of blood to several parts of the body such as the brain, the heart, and other organs. Depending on which of the many arteries in the body was blocked, there were several potential heart diseases. If the plaques clot the coronary arteries which supplied the heart with oxygen-rich blood, heart attacks may occur and if there was a blockage in the carotid arteries which ply blood to the brain, the reduced blood flow to the brain may cause a stroke. Most of these heart diseases were serious and even deadly (What is atherosclerosis?, 2011).Protein could be used as an energy source for the human body however not the most efficient method. As protein was digested by the body, it was chemically broken down into amino group acid subunits. Glucose and amino acids were chemically alike with the exception of the presence of nitrogen atoms in amino acids. In the absence of nitrogen, the amino acids could be converted into glucose or fatty acids which provided energy for the body. Due to the additional steps of removing the nitrogen, proteins were a slower source of energy, but longer lasting compared to carbohydrates and lipids. Furthermore, the use of protein as an energy source could be harmful to the body due to the by-products formed from the breakdown of amino acids. The nitrogen atoms contained in all amino acids were converted into ammonia during amino acid catabolism. The substance ammonia was toxic as it accumulated in the blood causing the body to excrete it through urination. However, high levels of ammonia would damage the liver and the kidneys. Also, the presence of a large quantity of this compound was poisonous to the cells in the body (Cloe, 2012).ErrorsDuring this e xperimental, a few errors had occurred. The test tubes filled with the experimental samples were not washed properly for the next nutrient test. This resulted in absurd colour changes. At times, not enough indicator solution was added to the samples. This might have touched the resulting colours. Lastly, during the test for sugars, after the addition of the benedicts solution into the samples, the solutions were not heated evenly for the same length of time. A few samples did not obtain enough energy for a potential chemical reaction/ colour change to occur.ConclusionIt was concluded that distilled water functioned as the control in the experiment due to the absence of metals and minerals in the liquid which could possibility initiate unwanted reactions. The control was used to provide a reference source for the obtained results from the experimental samples in order for the changes to be valid. The iodine solution was used to test for the presence of starch. The chemical reaction b etween the triiodine ions and starch molecules triggered the colour change of the solution to deep blue/black. Starch was detected in the amylose, unknown X and Y solutions. The benedicts solution was used to determine the presence of reducing sugars. The chemical reaction between the copper sulfate in the benedicts solution and the sugar molecules triggered a colour change in the samples. The sugar molecules reduced the copper (II) into copper (I) resulting in a reddish precipitate. With a lower concentration of sugar molecules, the samples turned greenish, yellowish or orangey. The presence of sugar was determined in maltose, glucose, unknown X and Y samples in this experiment. Biurets reagent tested for the presence of protein. The copper sulfate in the reagent formed metal complexes with the nitrogen atoms found in the peptide bonds of protein. This resulted in a colour change of the samples to violet if protein was detected. The Sudan III solution tested for the presence of lip id. Since the solution was insoluble in water and soluble in lipids, the colour change to orangey red was only found on the top layer of a few samples. The presence of lipid was determined in the unknown Y sample.Furthermore, excess intake of carbohydrate increased the sugar level in blood. This triggered the release of the hormone, insulin, with the intention of lowering the sugar level to maintain internal balance. The release of this hormone by the pancreas caused the extra carbohydrates to be stored as fat. Also, the presence of a large amount of insulin caused the frequent sensation of hunger. This was because the insulin quickly displace the sugar levels causing the body to want more carbohydrates to increase the sugar levels to maintain homeostasis. High levels of cholesterol in the blood resulted in the accumulation of plaque reducing the blood flow to various part of the body. This was a major risk factor of heart diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Lastly, when th e body used protein as an energy source, there would be an elevated level of ammonia in the body considering that it was a by-product of the breakdown of amino acids. The high level of this toxic compound would cause harm to the kidneys, the liver and other body cells.ReferencesBenedicts reagent. (2014). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedicts_reagentBiuret test. (2014). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuret_testCloe, A. (2012).Why are proteins used as the last source of energy?. Retrieved from http//livewell.jillianmichaels.com/proteins-used-last-source-energy-5473.htmlIodine test for starch. (2012). Retrieved from http//brilliantbiologystudent.weebly.com/iodine-test-for-starch.htmlMyers, G. (2013).Why is distilled water a good control for science projects?. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/facts_7418493_distilled-good-control-science-projects_.htmlRodriguez, B. (2013).What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/in fo_8612333_purpose-control-experiment.htmlSudan iii. (2014). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_IIIThe relationship between carbohydrates and insulin. (2008, July 02). Retrieved from http//www.naturaltherapypages.com.au/article/Insulin_Weight_LossWhat is atherosclerosis?. (2011, July 01). Retrieved from https//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/Yool, B. (2014).The effect of benedict solution on glucose. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/about_6584528_effect-benedict-solution-glucose.html

An Overview Of Critical Legal Studies

An Overview Of full of life Legal StudiesThe capitulumed(p) quotation in question is by Robert Gordon, in Law Ideology as featured in Lloyds entry to Jurisprudence by MDA Freeman where he has touched upon critical level-headed studies. For our purposes, my answer will provide a short explanation of what the critical legal studies is about, then it will feature how practice of law maintains difference according to critical legal scholars, and what techniques are adopted in response to the inequalities and fin onlyy how effective these techniques are.Critical legal studies (hereinafter referred to as the CLS) grew out of a dissatisfaction with current legal scholarship.2As Raymond Wacks3put it the most eventful feature of CLS is its rejection of what is taken to be the natural tack of things, be it free market or meta-narratives, or the conception of race.Law based on condition is what attract the scholars of CLS the most. For the scholars of CLS it is to doubt the prospect of uncovering a universal foundation of law based on reason. The myth of de terminationinacy is a signifi send wordt element of the critical assault on law.4To the scholars of CLS, law is far from macrocosm a determinate, coherent body of rules and philosophy, the law is portrayed as uncertain, ambiguous and unstable.5If American legal realism was jazz jurisprudence, Critical Legal Studies may be its rock successor.6Ronald Dworkin found the CLS resembling the older causal agent of American realism, and for him it was too early to decide whether the CLS is more than an anachronistic attempt to make the then dated movement reflower.7Professor Hilaire McCourbey and Dr. Nigel D. White8finds the ultimate target for scholars of CLS is to destroy the notion that there is sensation single truth, and that by disclosing the all-pervasive ply structures and hierarchies in the law and legal system, a multitude of other possibilities will be revea guide which are all equally valid.LAW, ITS INEQUALITY AND OTHER ISSUES SURROUNDING LAWThe scholars of CLS find it very disturbing how the law maintain inequalities in society.According to the scholars of CLS, legal doctrine is limited and imperfect. Legal doctrines can only offer a particularize view of the world. Robert Gordon finds the legal doctrine to comprise of abstract and impoverished categories. These crude, artificial categories e.g., found in criminal law, laws of contract and family, which will illustrated below, are based on complex human relationships although they in no way reflect or naturally represent with what is occurring.With regard to criminal law, M Kelmen9 parts the example of a wife who, having been battered by her husband, kills the husband. so she pleads the defence of provocation. Question arises whether the judge is to adopt a narrow time frame10or that of a broad single11. No one can say it for sure which law is to be applied here for certain. There may be circumstance where the alleged offen der is considered in a narrow time frame basis and another in a broad one. This line of approach is making individuals fall into the contradiction in law set about in criminal law.The law of contract where the principle enshrined in the maxim caveat emptor a maxim devised to protect capitalist interest against the interests of the ineffectual consumer stands against the principle that it is the function of the state to intervene to protect the weaker party against exploitation is a clear reflection of inequality in law.12This kind of contradiction in law has always put the judges in confusion as to which principle a judge needs to follow in a given case. It is argued by the scholars of CLS that law is fundamentally political. For D. Kennedy13there is no line amidst private and public law. It is a myth.14There is nothing natural or indifferent about contract law as much as administrative law, property law as much as environmental law.15The law of co-habitation opens browse of options to a judge which makes it hardly possible to come to a decision which ultimately causes conflicting outcomes from the courts of law. Where a woman who seeks to enforce a co-habitation agreement against a male partner the question that comes before the court is to choose amongst (1) common law principle that such agreements are not legally enforceable because of the presumption that such agreements lack the necessary element of an blueprint to create legal relations and (2) the principle, arising from public policy that it is the duty of the courts to give effect to the intention of the parties. This has always put judges in a difficult position as said earlier.For Peter Gabel,16one is never, or almost never, a psyche instead, one is successively a husband, a bus passenger, a small businessman, a consumer and so on, in contemporary capitalist society. To Mark Kelman,17liberalism in the eye of Crits is a system of thought that is simultaneously beset by internal contradicti on and by systematic repression of the presence of these contradictions. Liberalism focuses upon individualism and self-interest at the personify of others. The scholars of CLS are against such notion. Such preference is evinced in the laws creation and maintenance of segment between the public and private matters. mill liberty is the perfect example. Mills liberty is the principle that an individual can be compelled where his actions harm others, but must be free where his actions affect himself. The courts always find it difficult to resist oppression in the private realm because of the legal division between public matters, in which the state or its laws can intervene, and private matters, in which they cannot. The Crits of CLS termed this division as false and a mere illusion.Robert Gordon very clearly mentions that for the Crits, law is inherently neither a ruling-class game plan nor a repository of shocking with perverted principles. To Gordon, it is a plastic medium of di scourse that subtly conditions how we experience social life.18Robert Gordon refers to some basic points that the Critics want to make about legal discourse. He refers to discourses of power. Law cannot be a toy for the powerful to play with. However, in reality to avail legal services or matters in conjunction to it one has to be able to wield legal discourses with facility and authority or to pay others, such as lawyers, legislators, lobbyists, etc., to wield them on your behalf is what matters and that is what is takes to posses power in society. For this reason legal discourses tend to reflect the interests and the perspectives of the powerful people who make most use of them.19This may be regarded as another example of how law maintains inequality in the eyes of the scholars of CLS. However, whether actually being used by the powerful or the powerless, legal discourses are saturated with other non-legal discourses that for the most part skip and justify in subtle ways the exis ting social order as natural necessary and just.20It is a common phenomenon to make laws to spur frugal competitions and thus assisting the elite class in their search for power and wealth. Duncan Kennedy21mentions that the primary targets in Legal Education are the unhealthy hierarchies at various levels corresponding those existing between lecturers and the students they teach those between the faculty members and the administrative support and he terms them all as false and unnecessary hierarchy which gets into the mind of law students and thus creates a continual chain of hierarchies.TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LEGAL DISCOURSESTrashing or DebunkingAs McCourbey and White put it trashing is mainly aimed at revealing the illegitimate hierarchies that exist within the law and society in general.22The scholars of CLS are essentially engaged in revealing those hierarchies and undermine them. In Marxism the hierarchy of power exist in terms of classes but he we have seen the hierarchy to exist even in universities where there is a power relationship between lecturer and student.23It is much more complex than the marxists view.24Trashing involves seeking to question and challenge the mainstream liberal legal regime. Mark Kelmans scepticism towards mainstream or orthodox views of law led to defend trashing against mainstream academic critics and stated that the discrediting of accepted legal argument is good. The following extract from Kelman explains the purpose of trashing or debunking25We are also engaged in an active, transformative anarcho-syndicalist political project At the workplace level, debunking is one part of an explicit effort to level, to reintegrate the communities we live in along explicitly egalitarian lines rather than along the rationalised hierarchical lines that currently integrate them. We are saying Heres what your teacher did (at you, to you) in contracts or torts. Heres what it was really about. Stripped of the mumbo-jumbo, heres a set of pr oblems we all face, as equals in dealing with work, with politics, and with the world.26The above quotation reveals the tension of exposing hierarchies at work place, specifically it goes on to mention within the law school and expressly between the teachers and students as discussed earlier. Kelman further mentions that one main objective of trashing is to de-stabilising view of the theoretical world that is trapped in liberal legalism. Trashing helps us to see the inherent complacencies and assumed premises in liberal legalism as imperfect and opposes the belief that the world is running smoothly. Robert Gordon, in his Law Ideology, states that trashing techniques are used sometimes alone to attack the discourses on their own terms to show their premises to be contradictory or incoherent and their conclusions to be arbitrary or based on dubious assumptions or hidden rhetorical tricks.27He claims that this would reveal the hidden truth of obscure realities.DereificationDereifica tion is aimed at exposing what the scholars of CLS see as one of the most important functions of law in a liberal society.28Mostly everyone is in a trapped situation that is to say an implicit hierarchy is established in society. The term employee is attached to people who agree to work for another in return for payment and the term employer is used to refer to the person or body who hires them. The use of employer and/or employee is attached with a range of consequences and expectations for both parties. For this reason the parties are led to behave in a particular way that is to say on the basis of their formalised relation under the heads of employer and employee. In this sense reification has occurred. Peter Gabel has characterised law by reification, which involves a gradual process whereby abstractions, originally secure to concrete situations, are then themselves used and operated instead of the concrete. Dereification involves the scholars of CLS to see it the other way rou nd. Dereification is basically the recognition and exposure of such fallacies to reveal the law as it really is.DelegitimationTo delegitimate law the scholars of the CLS attempt to strip away the veneer of legitimacy to reveal the ideological underpinnings of the legal system.29McCourbey and White states that delegitimation is aimed at exposing what the scholars see as one of the most important functions of law in a liberal society, namely the legitimation of the socio-economic system of that society. This brings the important insights into the law.GenealogyRobert Gordon considers genealogy as another technique to highlight the awareness of the transitory, problematic and manipulable ways legal discourses divide the world which is by writing their history.30CONCLUSIONCLS is considered as radical by some(prenominal) jurists today. It is submitted that CLS and its technique is to filter the process of thinking of mankind. Most of the general public finds anything more acceptable whic h brings in more explanation for things going around us in our day to day life. CLS and its technique reveal an attempt to bring equality and more thinking into law. Trashing, genealogy, dereification etc. are all well convince methods of looking into things surrounding our day to day life to find the right reason and hence bring equality in to law. However, it needs to be mentioned as well that too much critical thinking in to anything may not bring the right or convincing result. Therefore, a balance between critical thinking and a liberal approach is a must for a better philosophy.Words Counted2061

Death Of Christ Essay -- essays research papers

The Death of ChristEXAMINATIONI chose to look into delivery boy last and the deal who were involved in it. The first group of people who got hold of Jesus was the Roman soldiers. They were probably the most innocent in the whole thing. tending(p) they did perform the actual act of crucifying Christ, solely it was because of the order that Pilate gave them. As I looked into crucifixion and how it started I found that before Jesus was crucified, more than 30,000 men, in Israel alone, had already been crucified. It all started by this guy named Ormazd from Persia. He thought that the earth was sacred, so he did not want to defile the earth by killing criminals on it so he ordinate them on a large pole and go forth them there to die. after Pilate gave the order to crucify Christ the soldiers took him. The part of their iniquity was not the act of crucifying Christ, it was by what they did to Jesus before they crucified him. The scripture says in Matthew 27, that the soldiers, po ised a full Roman cohort close to Him. I looked into what a full Roman cohort was. It seems that a total of 600 soldiers make up a full Roman cohort. I besides learned that Jewish people were given the right not to be in the Roman military. I also fount out the cohort was traveling around with the governor as a military escort. Because of that it is pretty safe to say they never heard of Jesus, early(a) than the fact that He was being crucified because he was claiming to be some contour of king.. The soldiers knew that he claimed to be a king so they stripped him down and put a scarlet robe on him. Next they took thorns and thistles and weaved a hood together and put it on Jesus creative thinker. My understanding is that Caesar wore a wreath on his head and the soldiers were mimicking Him. As they put the crown of thorns on Jesus head blood ran down on Jesus face, which made him even more unrecognizable. The last-place piece of dress that the soldiers put on Jesus was a vibr ating reed in his right hand. The way John MacAuthur, Jr. explained the reed was that it was to represent royalty, authority, and power. After giving Jesus the reed the soldiers were making fun of Jesus by getting on their knees and pretending to worship Him. They then took the reed from his hand and mark off Jesus on the head with it while they were saying this like, Look how lucky we strip you of your power and authori... ...sense? My next biggest thing would be the knowledge of what is wrong but giving into the flesh. I guess that would be what the people standing around the cross were doing.It might seem a little weird but I kind of want to be like the Pharisees. Not what they did but what they know. This musical composition has pushed me just a little closer to that and Im pretty skilful with the outcome and cant wait until I can use what I have now learned in real life. Douglas, J.D. The New International lexicon of the Christian Church. Publisher House,1978MacArthur, Jo hn The MacArthur New Testiment Commentary Library of sex act in Publication Data, 1989Tenney, Merrill C. The Zondervan Pictoral Encyclopedia of the Bible Zondervan Publishing House,Douglas, J.D. The Illustrated Bible Dictionary transgress 2 Inter-Varsity Press,Cross, F.L. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church Oxford University Press, 1968Green, Joel B. Dictionary of Jesus and the gospel singing Inter Varsity Press, Bible translations used NIV, The Message, New Living, and New American shopwornThe Death of Christ Death Of Christ Essay -- essays research text fileThe Death of ChristEXAMINATIONI chose to look into Jesus death and the people who were involved in it. The first group of people who got hold of Jesus was the Roman soldiers. They were probably the most innocent in the whole thing. Granted they did perform the actual act of crucifying Christ, but it was because of the order that Pilate gave them. As I looked into crucifixion and how it started I f ound that before Jesus was crucified, more than 30,000 men, in Israel alone, had already been crucified. It all started by this guy named Ormazd from Persia. He thought that the earth was sacred, so he did not want to defile the earth by killing criminals on it so he put them on a large pole and left them there to die. After Pilate gave the order to crucify Christ the soldiers took him. The part of their wickedness was not the act of crucifying Christ, it was by what they did to Jesus before they crucified him. The scripture says in Matthew 27, that the soldiers, gathered a full Roman cohort around Him. I looked into what a full Roman cohort was. It seems that a total of 600 soldiers make up a full Roman cohort. I also learned that Jewish people were given the right not to be in the Roman military. I also fount out the cohort was traveling around with the governor as a military escort. Because of that it is pretty safe to say they never heard of Jesus, other than the fact that He wa s being crucified because he was claiming to be some sort of king.. The soldiers knew that he claimed to be a king so they stripped him down and put a scarlet robe on him. Next they took thorns and thistles and weaved a crown together and put it on Jesus head. My understanding is that Caesar wore a wreath on his head and the soldiers were mimicking Him. As they put the crown of thorns on Jesus head blood ran down on Jesus face, which made him even more unrecognizable. The final piece of dress that the soldiers put on Jesus was a reed in his right hand. The way John MacAuthur, Jr. explained the reed was that it was to represent royalty, authority, and power. After giving Jesus the reed the soldiers were making fun of Jesus by getting on their knees and pretending to worship Him. They then took the reed from his hand and beat Jesus on the head with it while they were saying this like, Look how easy we strip you of your power and authori... ...sense? My next biggest thing would be the knowledge of what is wrong but giving into the flesh. I guess that would be what the people standing around the cross were doing.It might seem a little weird but I kind of want to be like the Pharisees. Not what they did but what they know. This paper has pushed me just a little closer to that and Im pretty happy with the outcome and cant wait until I can use what I have now learned in real life. Douglas, J.D. The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Publisher House,1978MacArthur, John The MacArthur New Testiment Commentary Library of Congress in Publication Data, 1989Tenney, Merrill C. The Zondervan Pictoral Encyclopedia of the Bible Zondervan Publishing House,Douglas, J.D. The Illustrated Bible Dictionary Part 2 Inter-Varsity Press,Cross, F.L. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church Oxford University Press, 1968Green, Joel B. Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels Inter Varsity Press, Bible translations used NIV, The Message, New Living, and New American Stand ardThe Death of Christ

Hospice in the United States Essay -- Hospice Terminal Illnesses Cance

Hospice in the United States Hospice is a concept of caring borrowed from mediaeval times, where travelers, pilgrims and the sick, wounded or dying could find rest and comfort. The contemporary hospice offers a program of care to patients and families facing a life threatening illness encompassing medical, nursing, spiritual, and psychological care. It is more than a medical alternative, it is an attitude toward death and the process of dying. Terminal disease is managed so patients can live comfortably until they die. The hospice program in the United States has evolved in part as an attempt to compensate for the inadequacies of the present medical system, particularly in caring for patients with a terminal illness. Hospice care has big(p) from an alternative health care movement to an established component of the American health care system. The modern hospice movement began in 1967 when Cicely Saunders opened St. Christophers Hospice in capital of the United Kingdom England. In the late 1960s, several Yale University students invited Dr. Saunders to come speak at Yale. These students were inspired to create a similar service in the United States. They opened the computerized axial tomography Hospice in Branford, Connecticut and pioneered the hospice movement in the United States. This became the nations first specially designed hospice care center. What is Hospice care? In an attempt to answer, the orbit Health Organization (WHO) issued a statement in 1990 about the philosophy and techniques of hospice care. A.Hospice affirms life and regards dying as a normal process. B.Hospice neither hastens nor postpones death. C.Hospice provides relief from pain in the ass and other distressing symptoms associated with dying. D.Hospice combines aspects of psycho favorable and spiritual care. EHospice offers a expect system to help patients live as actively as possible until death. F.Hospice offers a support system to help the family cope during the patients illne ss and during the bereavement process. We can see that the hospice concept is a bio-psychosocial approach to the dying process, concerned with biological, psychological, and social health. Because of its proponents, Hospice is considered a more humane and sensible approach to terminal illness, combining care, comfort, and support of family and friends as the individual faces death. Their concern for dignity and fo... ...age dementia A interior(a) survey of hospice programs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43(1), 56-59Mesler, M. A., & Miller, P. J. (2000). Hospice and assisted suicide The structure and process of an inherent dilemma Death Studies, 24(2), 135-155Newsome, B. R., & Dickinson, G. E. (2000). Death experiences and hospice Perceptions of college students. Death Studies, 24(4), 335-341OConnor, P. (1999). Hospice vs. alleviator care. Hospice Journal, 14(3/4), 123-137Paradis, L. F. (1984). Hospice program integration An issue for policymakers. Death Education, 8 (5-6), 383-398Russell, G. M. (1985) Hospice programs and the hospice movement An investigation based on general systems theory Dissertation Abstracts International, 45(9), 3082Simson, S., & Wilson, L. B. (1986) Strategies for success An examination of the organizational phylogeny of early hospice programs. Hospice Journal, 2(2), 19-39World Health Organization. (1990). Hospice Facts On-line Available HTTP//www.cp-tel.net/pamnorth/facts.htmZehnder, P. W., & Royse, D. (1999) Attitudes toward assisted suicide A survey of hospice volunteers. Hospice Journal, 14(2), 49-63.