Technology and Human Error in Aviation Term Paper

Technology and Human Error in Aviation - Term Paper Example Thus, every sector in the aviation system must find all facets where computers may be leveraged on to their advantage. Use of Computers in Aviation Systems To most, computers are for games, research, online business, sending e-mails, or downloading and uploading files. But in the aviation system, computers hold the life of the crews and passengers. A small hitch on the computer’s program might result to an aerial accident. Computers have various uses in modern aviation. These may be used to design aircrafts with better capacity, performance, and state of the art equipments. It can spot the parts of the aircraft that need maintenance, repairs, and modifications. Computers can read the codes of the system that has malfunctioned. Moreover, it may identify the geographic location of the aircraft and monitors its flight, and process data and communication transmission between ATC (air traffic controller) and pilot, among air traffic controllers, and among flight crews. It may ensur e airport and aircraft safety against accidents, unpleasant incidents, and delays; and give automatic weather reports so as to warn pilots of the coming weather conditions. Technology allows for accurate calculations and computations useful in designing aircraft and saves important data on maintenance and inspection history and some other specifications related to the plane. These data are used to check if the plane is still fit to fly or not (Dhillion, 2007). Analysis of Human Error How tragic is the effect of human error in aviation? About 70 – 75% of aviation accidents are attributed to human-related errors (Hall, 2003). When one diverts from what is accurate, then that may possibly constitute human error (Dhillion, 2007). It is considered human error when one fails to do what is expected from him or her. Structures of error are developed to identify its origin and reasons according to these different perspectives by Weigman and Shappel (2003). The cognitive perspective ta rgets the pilot’s skill on decision-making and choosing strategies, ability to solve problems during flight, and capability to comprehend and respond to stimulus and commands on hand. To reduce the mental workload of the pilot and to avoid accidents, a checklist is advised. This is also a ground for skill-based and decision errors (Weigman and Shappel, 2003). The ergonomic perspective suggests that even if all the reports would identify human-related error as the primary root of accidents, in this systems perspective, it hardly or rarely points to human as the cause. At the start of developing and designing the system and equipment, human factors are already considered. Accidents occur when a mismatch transpires between man, machine, and the environmental components. Problems arise when there are stressors in the part of human like anxiety and hazardous attitudes (Weigman and Shappel, 2003).. Moreover, the behavioral perspective states that rewards, motivations to work safely , the threat of punishment for failures, and past experiences can greatly influence the performance of an individual. According to Reason (1997, 2000), people who violate rules are motivation-driven people. They need to be rewarded when they follow safety rule and the lack of tangible reward for this individual will tend him to twist or break rules. Although this is unacceptable logically,

Change Management Essay Example for Free

Change Management Essay INTRODUCTION Many flaws can be found with the classical approach, the birth of which is widely accredited to Fredrick Taylor, in particular how employees became bitter and angry with the levels of managerial thuggery (Rose 1988) that Taylor promoted. There already existed high levels of worker-management conflict, and Taylors approach merely heightened the tensions that it had set out to tackle. Taylors view, and later, Henri Fayols view of how an organisation could be managed solely focused on the productivity of the worker and how efficiently work could be carried out. It did not take into account the morale of employees or any of their emotional needs, resulting in a workforce which became increasingly dissatisfied with their working environment. Mayo and Maslow developed an approach which was more emphasized on the management of worker morale and leadership rather than merely viewing employees as greedy robots (Rose 1988). This theory, which would evolve into what is known as the Human Relations approach to management, was focused on the thought that a happy and satisfied employee was a more productive employee. CLASSICAL APPROACH. The classical approach to organisational management (1900-1930) emerged from the Industrial Revolution and was born out of a necessity to replace the trial and error approach, which was prevalent prior to this, with a more  focused and consistent approach to how an organisation should be managed. This new approach was focused on the efficiency of an organisation and in improving the performance and output of its employees. The classical approach can be divided into three main areas, scientific management, bureaucracy and administrative management. . (_Managing Change. Bernard Burnes)_ Fredrick Taylor (1856-1917) viewed the management of organisations production efficiency as a science and he is accredited with being the father of scientific management. Taylors view was that there was one best way to perform a task and his approach focused on breaking down each task so that it could be performed in the most efficient way. His research was heavily influenced by the studies of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth(1914). While Taylor was determined to reduce the time it took to complete a task, the Gilbreths tried to reduce the number of motions taken to complete a task. Taylors opinion was that _human beings are predisposed to seek the maximum reward for the minimum effort_ _(Taylor 1911)_ and to counteract this, managers must closely supervise workers to ensure that each predefined step in a task is carried out correctly. By breaking down each work process into smaller tasks controlled by the management, the knowledge required by workers about the work process is reduced. Workers become mere cogs in the machine that is the organisation, and can easily be replaced, as minimum training of a replacement worker is required. This in turn increases the managements control as the workers no longer have a monopoly of knowledge about the work process and cannot use their knowledge as a bargaining tool. Taylor, like the Gilbreths, believed that in order to increase a workers productivity, he should be motivated by monetary rewards for the amount of work he carries out. _When a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable Why should I work hard when that lazy fellow gets the same pay that I do and does only half as much work? (Taylor 1911)_ While Taylor and the Gilbreths were focused on improving the productivity of  individual workers at task level, Henri Fayol (1841-1925) with the administrative approach, was focused on efficiency at organisational level, top down as opposed to bottom up(Fayol, 1949). Fayols principles of organisation are; division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command ,unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to general interests, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps.(Mullins,1989:201-3). Max Weber (1864-1924) developed the theory of bureaucratic management which, similarly to Fayols approach, was focused on the overall structure of an organisation. According to Weber a bureaucracy must have a number of distinct characteristics. It must have a hierarchical chain of command, where each employer is answerable to a superior, therefore power flows from the top down. Division of labour, where each task is broken down into smaller tasks, with different employees working on each separate part of the task. Each employee is selected on merit and qualification only with no bias shown to favourites. Formalised and detailed rules and regulations must be set out. HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH The beginnings of the Human Relations approach can be traced back to studies on worker fatigue which were carried out while the scientific approach was still being established, and it is fair to say that both approaches overlap. Elton Mayo (1880-1949) expanded on these studies in the 1930s, most notably with his Hawthorn experiments. (_Managing Change. Bernard Burnes)_ Mayo did not believe that workers were only concerned by monetary rewards, but instead suggested that by having their social needs met at work they would in turn be more motivated and their performance would improve. In his experiments he divided workers into groups and studied how their productivity responded to changes in the environment such as lighting and working conditions. To his surprise the worsening working conditions did not lead to worker productivity declining, in fact productivity increased. This  led him to conclude that workers motivation was increased by better communication, as the workers were consulted with prior to, and throughout the experiments. It was also concluded that workers performed better when they were in a team, and when they were receiving greater attention from their managers. (_http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm_ ) Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) developed a management theory which is referred to as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, as shown below. (image. http://chebri.com/commitment-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-and-herzberg-theory-of-hygiene-motivation-in-business/) Maslow believed that in order for a person to concentrate on the higher needs, first his lower, more basic needs must to be satisfied. He argued that once a persons lowest level physiological and safety needs are met; the higher level needs become more important to them. For example in a management situation the physiological needs of an employee are things like adequate lunch breaks and sufficient wages. The safety needs are met when a safe working environment is provided. Social needs are satisfied when there is a sense of community in the working environment. The esteem needs of employees are the needs for recognition from superiors for work carried out and achievements. Self Actualisation is the need of an employee to reach their full potential, this need changes, as different levels of potential are met the employee then needs to attain a higher level. .(_http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/_ _)_ Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) stated that there are basically two types of manager, one who had a negative view of his employees and the other who had a more positive view. In his concept he called the negative view Theory X, and the positive one Theory Y. Theory X assumes that employees do not like work, and a threat of punishment is required to ensure that they perform to required standards. It is also of the assumption that workers do not have  any ambition and will avoid responsibility; they are primarily interested in security. Theory X could be used to describe the Classical approaches to management. Theory Y managers on the other hand take the human relations approach and assume that work is natural to people and can be a source of satisfaction to them. Theory Y managers believe that workers will seek responsibility and are motivated to meet goals. McGregor believed that managers who adapted the Theory X approach created an environment where workers were only motivated by financial or material gain, whereas Theory Y managers created a workplace where employees were more responsible and more willing to contribute. McGregor came to the conclusion that organisations needed to adapt the approach set out in Theory Y, which is essentially the human relations approach_._ _(Burnes. Managing Change)_ MODERN ORGANISATIONS For the purpose of this essay extensive research was carried out on the approaches that modern industries take regarding management. Information gathered from an interview with an employee of ESB Ireland, an electricity supplier which is one of the largest employers in Ireland, gave a unique insight into how this particular organisation continues to put into effect many facets of the human relations approach. Eoghan, who is employed as an electrical engineer, provided documentation and described how at the beginning of each year all employees have a one to one meeting with their manager to discuss and agree upon goals which they then attempt to achieve throughout the year. The employee is provided with guidance from their manager regarding the work processes on a continuous basis. The diagram shown below, which is taken from the ESBs performance and development document, illustrates how formal and informal communication between manager and employee is seen as essential and is maintained throughout the year. _(Performance and Development Document ESB 2014)_ Coaching is also provided on a one to one basis with employees when it is  required. _Coaching is a proven means, carried out in a confidential manner, by which more individual potential can be unlocked to achieve higher levels of career and business performance_ _(ESB Performance and Development Document 2014)_ Through researching a case study carried out on building materials group CRH, similar approaches to performance management were identified. The CRH approach to performance management is broken down into three areas which are almost identical to those taken at ESB, these are; planning, coaching and reviewing. As is the case at ESB the work processes are carefully structured and discussed with the employee in the planning stage. Coaching is also carried out for each employees specific needs which in turn increases knowledge and improves communication. In the review stage each employee is assessed individually and given the opportunity to respond to feedback. _Self-assessment, collection of information, appraisal and a review meeting all drive performance improvement_ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_10/crh_10th_ed.pdf)_ CRH are of the view that it is essential that employees are capable of working on their own initiative or as part of a team, as they state in their candidate requirements that candidates must have; _Ability to work on own initiative and as part of a team_ _Ability to analyse situations and develop innovative solutions_ _Problem solving ability_ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf)_ CONCLUSION Its understood that the most important asset of any organisation is its employees, and trying to retain the services of these employees. The classical approach to management does not take this into account and instead is solely concerned with increasing productivity and extracting the maximum labour from its workers. It can be argued that the classical approach increases productivity and raises the output of each employee; however, in the long run it does not lead to a satisfied and contented workforce. This approach is dated when it comes to the fast paced business environment that exists today. In most modern workplaces it is essential that workers are capable of working on their own initiative and making important decisions themselves, the classical approach to management does nothing to promote or nurture these skills, and in fact it discourages them. The classical school of thought is that there is one best way for all organisations to be structured and operate _(Burnes. 2004)_, however, as established through this research, the approach that ESB takes disproves this theory, as each employee is treated as an individual and encouraged to provide opinion on how the work process should be structured and best performed. The meetings and one to one contact with managers gives the employee a clear understanding of what is expected of him and improves communication between the employee and management, which is one of the core aspects of the Human Relations Approach. These initial meetings as well as the guidance which is provided throughout year to the employee by ESB management is clearly influenced by Mayos conclusions following the Hawthorn experiments that employee morale and performance increased with better communication and prior consultation to the work process. _(Burnes. 2004)._ The coaching sessions which are provided at ESB help to improve skills and self-confidence in employees as well as providing management with the assurance that their workers are competent and performing to a high  standard. This type of approach to coaching and continuous improvement and learning is in direct contrast to the ideals of the Classical Approach, and particularly to Fredrick Taylors. Taylor believed in reducing employees knowledge about the work process rather than encouraging learning and understanding. By reducing the workers knowledge he believed that management had a greater control over their employees (_Burnes. Managing Change)._ The view taken by ESB is completely different, as they believe that the more skilled and confident that an employee becomes, the greater an asset to the organisation he will be. By providing training and coaching to employees ESB are investing in human capital, which means the more skilled an employee becomes the greater his economic value is to ESB_._ _(http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/humancapital.asp)_ There is a quote from CRH that appears in the case study which was researched which proves that their organisation embodies almost every aspect of the Human Relations approach; _The challenge for CRH is to be a Group that attracts and retains people_ _not just because it is an industry leader but also because it provides a_ _culture and working environment which creates opportunities for all_ _employees to grow personally and professionally._ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf)_ Tesco.http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/developing-appropriate-leadership-styles/leadership-styles.html#axzz3JGcBkQ5Y REFERENCES http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol14-issue6/A01460105.pdf?id=7380 http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/frederick-taylor-theories-principles-contributions-to-management.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1911taylor.asp http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm http://chebri.com/commitment-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-and-herzberg-theory-of-hygiene-motivation-in-business/ http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/ _http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf_

The Crusades Essay -- European History Europe

The first crusade was started by Pope Urban II in the year 1095 with goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the holy land from the Muslims. What started as an appeal by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos for western mercenaries to fight the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia quickly turned into a wholesale Western migration and conquest of territory outside of Europe. In July of 1099 Knights from western Europe captured the city of Jerusalem, thus establishing the kingdom of Jerusalem and other crusader states. Although the gain of Jerusalem lasted less than two-hundred years. The major turning point of Western power was the first crusade. Urban planned the departure of the crusade for August 15, 1096, the Feast of the Assumption, but months before this a number of unexpected armies of peasants and lowly knights organized and set off for Jerusalem on their own. They were led by a charismatic monk and powerful orator named Peter the Hermit of Amiens. The response was beyond exp ectations: while Urban might have expected a few thousand knights, he ended up with a migration numbering up to 100,000 — albeit mostly unskilled fighters, including women and children. Lacking military discipline, and in what likely seemed to the participants a strange land (eastern Europe) with strange customs, those first Crusaders quickly landed in trouble, in Christian territory. The problem faced was one of supply as well as culture: the people needed food and supplies, and they expected host cities to give them the foods and supplies. Having left Western Europe early, they had missed out on the great harvest of that spring, following years of drought and bad harvest. Unfortunately for the Crusaders, the locals did not always agree, and this qu... ...m to fast and then march in a barefoot procession around the city walls, after which the city would fall in nine days, following the Biblical example of Joshua at the siege of Jericho. On July 8, 1099 the crusaders performed the procession as instructed by Desiderius. The Genoese troops, led by commander Guglielmo Embriaco, had previously dismantled the ships in which the Genoese came to the Holy Land, Embriaco, using the ship's wood, made some siege towers and seven days later on July 15, the crusaders were able to end the siege by breaking down sections of the walls and entering the city. Some Crusaders also entered through the former pilgrim's entrance. Having captured Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the crusading vow was now fulfilled. However, there were many who had gone home before reaching Jerusalem, and many who had never left Europe at all.

How to write an essay? Essay

Writing an essay Define the context of your essay. The context is the scope of the essay. What are you being asked to write about? The context can include multiple parameters including: Topic. Sometimes your teacher or professor will give you a prompt that you’re required to use. If you do get an option to pick your own topic, then choose something that you genuinely want to become an expert about or something you feel passionate about discussing. Format. The length of the essay, the way the pages are put together and the presentation all matter. Follow the rules exactly as your teacher gives them to you so that you don’t lose points. Audience. With whom are you trying to communicate? Do you want to persuade your teacher, your peers or a college admissions committee? You’ll need to tailor your writing to the correct audience. Types of Essays Narrative Narration is telling a story from a certain viewpoint, and there is usually a reason for the telling. All narrative essays will have characters, setting, climax, and most importantly, a plot. The plot is the focus of the story and is usually revealed chronologically, but there are sometimes flash forwards and flash backs. In writing a narrative essay, remember to: Include sensory and emotional details, so the reader will experience the story, not just read about it Have the story support the point you are making, and make reference to that point in the first sentence. Write in the first or third person Descriptive Descriptive essays have text which describes traits and characteristics of people, objects, events, feelings, etc in intricate detail. Whatever is being described will be thoroughly examined. For example, if you were describing roses, you would explain: Where they come from What they look like What colors they are How they grow and smell When you write a descriptive essay, you want to involve the reader’s senses and emotions. For example, you could say, â€Å"I got sleepy† or describe it like this, â€Å"As I was waiting for Santa, my eyelids began to get heavy, the lights on the tree began to blur with the green branches, and my head started to drop.† The second sentence gives vivid details to make the reader feel like he is there. Exposition Expository essays can compare, explore and discuss problems, or tell a story. An exposition essay gives information about various topics to the reader. It: Informs Describes Explains In writing an exposition, the text needs to: Be concise and easy to understand Give different views on a subject or report on a situation or event Explain something that may be difficult to understand as you write your essay. Remember that your purpose is to explain. Argumentative In an argumentative essay the writer is trying to convince the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. The writer’s position will be backed up with certain kinds of evidence, like statistics or opinions of experts. The writer is not just giving an opinion, but making an argument for or against something and supporting that argument with data. To know how to write an essay in an argumentative way, you have to research and backup what you say in the text. Learn by Example When learning how to write an essay, sometimes the best way to learn is to look and analyze essay examples. Following are excerpts from narrative essays: â€Å"Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled â€Å"warm and fuzzy feelings.† As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grande Canyon  and have jumped on the beds at Caesar’s Palace in Lake Tahoe.† â€Å"The day I picked my dog up from the pound was one of the happiest days of both of our lives. I had gone to the pound just a week earlier with the idea that I would just â€Å"look† at a puppy. Of course, you can no more just look at those squiggling little faces so filled with hope and joy than you can stop the sun from setting in the morning. I knew within minutes of walking in the door that I would get a puppy†¦ but it wasn’t until I saw him that I knew I had found my puppy.† â€Å"Looking for houses was supposed to be a fun and exciting process. Unfortunately, none of the ones that we saw seemed to match the specifications that we had established. They were too small, too impersonal, too close to the neighbors. After days of finding nothing even close, we began to wonder: was there really a perfect house out there for us?† The following is an example of a famous narrative written by John Updike, â€Å"Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu†: â€Å"The afternoon grew so glowering that in the sixth inning the arc lights were turned on–always a wan sight in the daytime, like the burning headlights of a funeral procession. Aided by the gloom, Fisher was slicing through the Sox rookies, and Williams did not come to bat in the seventh. He was second up in the eighth. This was almost certainly his last time to come to the plate in Fenway Park, and instead of merely cheering, as we had at his three previous appearances, we stood, all of us, and applauded.† Following are excerpts from descriptive essays: â€Å"Like his twisted feathers, his many scars, the reliable old owl chose the gnarled, weather-beaten, but solid branch often—it being a companion to the wise alone with the night and the last branch to creak in the heaviest wind. He often came to survey the fields and the clouds before his hunt, to listen to the steady sound of the stream passing through reeds under the bridge, while combing his feathers for the unwanteds—whatever they might be.† Here is a descriptive essay about a first visit to a favorite diner written by a student at Roane State Community College:†When entering the door at Lou’s, two things are immediately noticeable: the place is rarely empty and seems to consist of a maze of rooms. The first room, through the door, is the main part of the restaurant. There is another, rarely used, dining room off to the right. It was added during the oil well boom of the seventies. Through the main dining room is yet another room; it guards the door leading into  the kitchen. This room contains the most coveted table in the place. The highest tribute Lou can bestow on anyone is to allow them access to seats at this table. This table is the family table; it is reserved for Lou’s, and her daughter Karen’s, immediate family and treasured friends.†

Global Economics Stakeholders Essay

Any business organization has to be competitive in the business sector so as to keep in line with other competitors, or else getting competitive advantage over the other competitors might not be easy. The business organization has to therefore satisfy all its stakeholders and be in a better business position. The organization has got to ensure that the human resources are completely satisfied. A human resource which is satisfied will ensure that all the strategies of the organization are undertaken so as to achieve the general objectives. With a dedicated human resource, the organization would be able to develop a culture that is completely accepted to all the stakeholders and thus increase output. In many occasion, the way the organization treats its human resource, it will be reflected on how these employees will treat the customers. The customers who are satisfied with organizational activities will tend to have confident in the goods and the services that will be offered and thus be loyal to the organization. Therefore, looking at these cases, it is completely the best ways in which the organization can ensure that it reduces unnecessary costs. With dedicated employees, the rate of turnover will be very low and thus reducing the cost of hiring and the procedures associated with it. Furthermore, with loyal and satisfied customers, the organization will be assured of the continuous available markets. With reduced costs, the organization would be able to have increased profits and thus become the largest motor industry by gaining much larger markets. It is therefore important to seek opportunities in the organization to reduce production costs without having to negatively affect the quality of the product (Galitsky & Worrell 2003). Reference: Galitsky c & Worrell E (2003): Energy Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities For the Vehicle Assembly Industry, retrieved on 29th Jan 2008 from http://www. energystar. gov/ia/business/industry/LBNL-50939. pdf.

Implications of U.S. Foreign Policy in Iran essays

Implications of U.S. Foreign Policy in Iran essays As the countries of the world line up into increasingly polarized political camps, the United States is facing a wide range of foreign policy issues that have assumed critical levels in recent weeks. Not only are countries in the Middle East openly defying U.S. hegemony in the region, countries in its own hemisphere such as Venezuela are arming themselves and proclaiming their opposition to American foreign policy as well. In the wake of September 11, 2001, many observers are suggesting that there is no longer any room for second guesses or false starts, and preemptive military action against international pariahs such as North Korea and Iran should be the order of the day. While the foreign policy hawks are beating these military drums, though, there are some vitally important considerations involved in this analysis that must be taken into account before formulating policy decisions, including the impact of Irans current political leadership and policies on Americas survival, se curity, stability and stature in the international community. To this end, this paper provides an analysis of the impact of the current situation in Iran on these U.S. national interests, followed by a discussion of recent events in Iran that have affected these interests. An application of the various elements of U.S. power to this situation is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion. Impact of Current Situation on U.S. National Interests. Survival and Security: Iran is a state-sponsor of terrorism and may be developing nuclear weapons. Today, the United States is prosecuting ground wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and may well become involved in other regions around the world in the foreseeable future, as part of its war on terrorism. In this regard, Iran, together with other rogue nations such as North Korea, have been designated state sponsors of terrorism and remain under U.S. economic sanctions a...

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Greed can be a very destructive part of everyones life. It can control our every action at times. Some people let their greed get out of control, which was exactlywhat happened in Salem during the witch trials. Three peoples greed brought up this whole tragedy of the trials, convictions and hangings. These three people are Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam and Abigail Williams. Thomas Putnam was a well-to-do, hard-handed, landowner. He valued his land probably more than his marriage, his other possessions or his anything else that he had. He used his land as a power source to get anything that he wanted. He also used this power to get his neighbors accused and/or convicted of being witches. Once these people were convicted, he would be able to purchase the deceaseds land, just giving him more land and power. This man alone got others to start believing that some people among them were witches. He also used his daughter as a witness to some of his neighbors crimes. Thomas Putnam used the witch trials as an excuse to get even with his neighbors and get their land. He allowed his greed to rule his mind and other decisions during this tragic time in the history of Salem. Another person who was affected by greed during this time was Reverend Parris. He felt that he was underpaid for his services. At one time he said to Giles Corey, I regard that six pound as part of my salary...You will look far for a man of my kind at sixty pound a year! Also, Parris preached for twenty weeks about having golden candlesticks on the altar until he got them. As the story progressed, he became greedy for his life and the life of his friends. When Proctor was about to be hanged, he begged and pleaded for Proctors life so that Parris would not be blamed for killing one of Salems upper class. I feel that Parris was not a good man to be the minister in such a town because he helped the whole witch hunt get going. He made sure that everyone knew about what was going on and got them to help dig up dirt on the accused. One final person whom I believe let her greed for attention and power control the outcome of that small town was Abigail Williams. She was the first person who was caught dancing in the woods to realize that if she turned on the others, her own life would be spared. She started making things up so that she would be in the center of the life in the town. She accused many innocent people of being witches for her own personal good. The best example of this would be when she accused Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch. Abigail and John Proctor had an affair and Abigail perceived this to mean that John wanted to be with her instead of his wife. Then, she realized that the only way to make this happen would be to kill Elizabeth in some way. The only legal way to do this would be to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch and making sure that she was convicted of this crime. Abigail knew that the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was hanging and carried out her accusation so that she and John could dance upon her grave together. I strongly feel that Abigails greed was the most destructive to the outcome of this story. She single-handedly destroyed most of the people of this towns reputations. If a person had something that she wanted, she accused them and got exactly what she wanted. At times, she used her acting talents to make it seem like she was being attacked by a certain persons spirit. While she was trying to convince Danforth and Hathorne that Elizabeth was a witch, she went as far as stabbing herself in the stomach to make it look like Elizabeth was sending out her spirit upon others. I believe that if Abigail had been stopped sooner, the innocent people who died would have lived and been able to look back on this terrible time to mourn the losses of their friends. Many peoples greed brought on these atrocities in Salem,

Is It Addiction or Habit What Happens to Your Brain

Is It Addiction or Habit What Happens to Your Brain Do you have habits or addictions? How can you tell and how does it impact your brain? Here is some information on the differences between having a habit vs. an addition, and how it rewires your brain. If you see yourself going down the route of addiction, it’s best to be able to identify some of the warning signs.  Source:[JourneyPure]

Managing the People Dimension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing the People Dimension - Essay Example The author of the essay "Managing the People Dimension" begins with that the classical theory of management was developed and started being used, during the era of the industrial revolution, in the process of fashioning solutions to due to the problems facing the factory system. The main themes of the theory include the role of bureaucracy and increasing the productivity of organizations. The advantages of the classical theory of management include that it splits the workforce of an organization into groups, and it supports the division of labour. The disadvantages of the theory include that the developers relied on assumptions and used on untested assumptions. At the end of the paper the author comes to the interesting conclusion. The classical theory of management was conceived and its use started during the industrial revolution, following the collapse of the factory system. The theory emphasises the importance of expertise, rules and rationalization, with respect to the improveme nt of productivity and profitability. The main advantages of the theory include that the staffs are divided into different groups; it promotes the division of labour and emphasizes the importance of monetary incentives. The disadvantages of the theory include that the proponents relied on unfounded conclusions and it ignores informal relations and systems. In TMC, the company has used rationalization in the division of labour, the provision of employee training and the assessment and rating of employees based on performance.

Gender and Sexual Studies - Female Masculinity Research Paper

Gender and Sexual Studies - Female Masculinity - Research Paper Example The issue of masculinity brings out notions of power, privilege and legitimacy. It symbolizes the power of state and unequal distribution of property. It represents the inheritance and social privileges across gender and sexuality. Culture and society tends to ignore and discourage female masculinity and yet is highly attentive on male femininity. â€Å"Issues of gender inequality are perpetuated by the patriarchal nature of our society that permits male domination and female subordination† (Kambarami, 2006). This has largely been influenced throughout the process of socialization. Researchers, community organizers and law enforcers who concern themselves with anti-LGB (-lesbian, -gay and –bisexual) prejudice and discrimination tend to conflate those aspects that target sexual orientation with other issues of gender non nonconformity (Gordon, 2007). Gender nonconformity is defined as â€Å"An outward appearance or gender expression that does not conform to the traditio nal laws of gender† (Gordon, 2007). It is attributed with experiences of sexual minority and behaviors that deviate from the expected gender roles. The gender nonconformity incidences were discovered to occur in the societal set up and were mostly perpetrated in the family, in schools, religious settings like a church and in the corporate world like in a public retail setting (Gordon, 2007). This gives evidence of the roles played by the society through its basic institutions on the issues of gender and sexuality. There are various contexts in which the society shapes women to femininity. It sets boundaries for women that are morally acceptable according to cultural norms and customs. There is interplay between femininity, sexuality and culture (Kambarami, 2006). Culture impacts feminine sexuality negatively by imprisoning women to subordination of patriarchy which consequently renders them powerless to control their sexuality. Feminists define patriarchy as â€Å"A social sy stem in which men tend to over rule all the social responsibilities as women remain in subordination† (Kambarami, 2006). An example of a social setting where feminism is highly displayed and culturally manipulated is in the family. The socialization process differentiates the boy and girl child at a very tender age. The boys are oriented to view themselves as the family heads and breadwinners whereas the girls are trained to be obedient and submissive housekeepers (Kambarami, 2006). This consequently displays women as sexual beings and not human beings, where they are being defined in relation to men therefore dependent to them always. The society instills in women qualities such as gentleness, passivity and submission in order to always please men (Kambarami, 2006). In our culture for example when a girl attains the puberty age, she receives endless teachings on how to please and maintain her future husband by being a submissive wife. She is further exposed to issues of her s exuality and how best to utilize it for male’s benefit. The teachings encourage dependency where a woman ultimately cannot support themselves in absence of the husband. They observe a male figure with great awe for provision and cannot survive alone in the case of the husband’s death but have to remarry. The society values the male child more than the female. The foundation of this is in the family where a boy child rules a girl child by the right of birth. He

The most dangerous man in america & the Pentagon Papers Essay

The most dangerous man in america & the Pentagon Papers - Essay Example f classified documents that showed how successive reigns remained unanswerable to the Press, the Congress, and the American people on a war that cost lives and the economy. The Pentagon Papers revealed that a constitution should maintain liberties that ensure a government is answerable to the public. For instance, the Espionage Act of 1917 had been a great defense utilized by the government to prosecute Ellsberg (Overbeck & Belmas, 2014). This act occurred alongside the constitution’s provision for freedom of expression and freedom of press. In this view, the constitution could not adequately guard the freedom of expression that the release of documents depended upon the same. The constitution, therefore, is the sole way in which the citizens and institutions such as the press can hold governments accountable for their actions. The existence of loopholes such as the Espionage Act compromises on individuals’ abilities to perform activism against irresponsible governments. This further revealed that the constitution should provide the platform for political activism, which helps restore certain privileges that the evolution of the constitut ion, in itself, has helped establish. The Pentagon Papers coincide with the foundation of the First Amendment that defends liberties pertaining to expression, religion, assembly, and the entitlement to petition. In the Pentagon Papers’ case, Ellsberg helped promote the provision that prohibits the Congress from constraining the press or suffocating the entitlements of individuals to speak freely. In a scenario of oppression, the makers the First Amendment realized that the press is the sole savior of the citizens and their rights. There, thus, was a need to protect the press as a platform for diverse opinions. In addition, the press could be a proper means of petitioning the government in upholding its responsibility towards the people and relevant institutions. The Declaration of Rights holds that individuals have the

Effects of air and water pollution Research Paper

Effects of air and water pollution - Research Paper Example As the world urbanization and industrialization occur at a rapid rate, so does environmental pollution involving air and water quality pollution occur. Large amounts of potentially harmful emissions from industries around the globe find their way in to the atmosphere every single day. Likewise, millions of tonnes of wastewaters containing potentially harmful pollutants find their way into water bodies and underground water aquifers. Several bodies have been initiated with the main aim of conserving environment. Some of these bodies in clued NEMA, Centre for Sustainable Development and others. In their efforts to conserve mainly air and water pollution, they have set by-laws in conjunction with countries’ municipalities to bid those involved (Reitze 13). Despite these continued endeavours, water and air pollutions increases each day. In fact, research shows that as technology changes, the pollution increases consequently increasing the effects (Hill 20). This paper discusses in depth the effects of air and water pollution to people resulting form environmental and technological changes. Poor air quality affects human health, damages crop and animal life, and degrades fragile ecosystems. The severity and impact depends on the quantity and concentration of pollutants, the duration of exposure and the susceptibility of the sensitive receptors. Inevitable is the impact of air pollution on human health. Never the less, equal attention is necessary for all other receptors that include the ecological and the built environments, besides human health. One of the generally recognized effects of air pollution is ill health and death. Although natural processes cause air pollution, manmade causes are the most prevalent and harmful causes (Gillespie 145). Manmade causes of air pollution include power generation activities, industrial production processes and the automobile activities. Tobacco smoking, combustion of solid fuels like wood, coal and charcoal, which house hold commonly use for cooking and warming houses are the leading causes of indoor air quality pollution (Reitze 45). Other sources of indoor air pollutants include paints, cleaning agents, detergents, pesticides, home appliances; furniture and air conditioning systems cause significant chemical and biological indoor air pollution. Combustion of fossil fuels is the leading source of air pollution, since it contains such pollutants like sulphur dioxide, fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone and volatile organic matter, all of which have profound adverse effects on humans (Chiras 52). Health effects of air pollution range from chronic effects to acute effects. Among these, are minor eye irritations, irritations on the upper respiratory system, chronic respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, heart problems and deaths resulting from suffocation and exposure to noxious gases in the air. Bronchitis in adults and acute respiratory problems resulting to chocking and su ffocation in children are common effects of air pollution (Gillespie 108). For people with pre-existing lung and heart conditions, air pollution is a major cause of worsening conditions. For instance, among the asthmatics, air pollution increases the frequency and severity of attack, and accounts for many deaths among people with heart conditions (Harrop 52). Overall, long-term and short-term exposure to air pollutants lead to reduced life expectancies and premature deaths. The impact of air pollution on humans depends on the concentration of the pollutant, its type, duration and concentration of exposure, and individual vulnerability to lethal exposures. Predisposing factors like poverty, age; both old age and infants, and pre-existing health complications put people in increased danger of poisoning and serious effects of air pollution. For instance, poor urban communities usually reside in poorly ventilated house congested in small slum sharks, and more likely to use dirty fossil and biomass fuels.

Response letter to Simon Wiesenthal from the book Sunflower Essay

Response letter to Simon Wiesenthal from the book Sunflower - Essay Example I would have felt the same. Indeed, this question is hard to answer because I have no experience, although you have described the situation vividly. In addition, it is much easier to say yes and get done with it especially when you have not identified yourself in other people’s lives. I have understood why you cannot answer the request of the dying man. It is because you have so many burdens in your heart, and the wound is still fresh. The symbol of sunflower always reminds you the connection of living and the dead. Envy was in your heart because even though that man cannot claim for your forgiveness; there will be a sunflower on his tomb. Sunflower is also a reminder of the lives that had been taken due to Holocaust. During that time, when the man asked for your forgiveness, the measurement you used was the sunflower. It directs you to the decision you had made -- to be silent and walk away. Pain is extremely difficult to handle. It will haunt you even when you are asleep. Pain will make your dreams and hopes vanished. My criticism to your behavior will later lead to my answer to your question: Are the Nazis worthy of Jews’ forgiveness? In behalf of 6 million Jews that died, can I forgive that man who participated in eliminating my family, friends, and ra ce? When faith and moral values combine, the answer to that question is yes. Within the context of your story, you have never found absolute peace because even at the end of your life, you will ask a similar question. Although you have been called as the conscience of the Holocaust, your past decision haunts you. Forgiveness is the key to free yourself from the nightmare of the Holocaust. Moreover, forgiveness is associated with letting go. It does not signify that you will forget what had happened in the past, but freeing yourself from anger and hatred. It will lead to healing and restoring your stolen

Effects of air and water pollution Research Paper

Effects of air and water pollution - Research Paper Example As the world urbanization and industrialization occur at a rapid rate, so does environmental pollution involving air and water quality pollution occur. Large amounts of potentially harmful emissions from industries around the globe find their way in to the atmosphere every single day. Likewise, millions of tonnes of wastewaters containing potentially harmful pollutants find their way into water bodies and underground water aquifers. Several bodies have been initiated with the main aim of conserving environment. Some of these bodies in clued NEMA, Centre for Sustainable Development and others. In their efforts to conserve mainly air and water pollution, they have set by-laws in conjunction with countries’ municipalities to bid those involved (Reitze 13). Despite these continued endeavours, water and air pollutions increases each day. In fact, research shows that as technology changes, the pollution increases consequently increasing the effects (Hill 20). This paper discusses in depth the effects of air and water pollution to people resulting form environmental and technological changes. Poor air quality affects human health, damages crop and animal life, and degrades fragile ecosystems. The severity and impact depends on the quantity and concentration of pollutants, the duration of exposure and the susceptibility of the sensitive receptors. Inevitable is the impact of air pollution on human health. Never the less, equal attention is necessary for all other receptors that include the ecological and the built environments, besides human health. One of the generally recognized effects of air pollution is ill health and death. Although natural processes cause air pollution, manmade causes are the most prevalent and harmful causes (Gillespie 145). Manmade causes of air pollution include power generation activities, industrial production processes and the automobile activities. Tobacco smoking, combustion of solid fuels like wood, coal and charcoal, which house hold commonly use for cooking and warming houses are the leading causes of indoor air quality pollution (Reitze 45). Other sources of indoor air pollutants include paints, cleaning agents, detergents, pesticides, home appliances; furniture and air conditioning systems cause significant chemical and biological indoor air pollution. Combustion of fossil fuels is the leading source of air pollution, since it contains such pollutants like sulphur dioxide, fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone and volatile organic matter, all of which have profound adverse effects on humans (Chiras 52). Health effects of air pollution range from chronic effects to acute effects. Among these, are minor eye irritations, irritations on the upper respiratory system, chronic respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, heart problems and deaths resulting from suffocation and exposure to noxious gases in the air. Bronchitis in adults and acute respiratory problems resulting to chocking and su ffocation in children are common effects of air pollution (Gillespie 108). For people with pre-existing lung and heart conditions, air pollution is a major cause of worsening conditions. For instance, among the asthmatics, air pollution increases the frequency and severity of attack, and accounts for many deaths among people with heart conditions (Harrop 52). Overall, long-term and short-term exposure to air pollutants lead to reduced life expectancies and premature deaths. The impact of air pollution on humans depends on the concentration of the pollutant, its type, duration and concentration of exposure, and individual vulnerability to lethal exposures. Predisposing factors like poverty, age; both old age and infants, and pre-existing health complications put people in increased danger of poisoning and serious effects of air pollution. For instance, poor urban communities usually reside in poorly ventilated house congested in small slum sharks, and more likely to use dirty fossil and biomass fuels.

Solution Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Solution Paper - Essay Example Expectant women are advised to avoid any drugs not prescribed to protect the unborn child (Kozlowski, Henningfield & Brigham, 2001). Tobacco smoking is addictive with users being unable to quit. Tobacco contains many harmful chemicals that enter the mother’s bloodstream. The nutrients are passed from mother to child through the placenta. The harmful chemicals pass to the child through the placenta that may cause cancer. The mother’s blood also provides oxygen to the unborn child. Excessive smoking by the mother cuts off the child’s oxygen supply. Low oxygen supply may result to malformation of child, stillbirth or premature delivery. Women should avoid tobacco to ensure increase the chances of giving birth to healthy children. Chemicals in tobacco may also be passed to the newborn child through breast milk or secondary smoking. Educating women on the harmful effect of cigarettes is important to improve on infant mortality. Information should be provided to women at a young age to ensure that they make informed decisions when choosing cigarettes. For addicted women, the user can use remedies to overcome nicotine addiction. It is difficult to quit smoking due to the addictive nature of the drug. The nicotine problem can be countered using nicotine patches. Women who are addicted to tobacco can use the nicotine patches to reduce the withdrawal effects. Nicotine patches are effective over a long time despite their slow mode of action. Gum and lozenges can also be used to reduce the harmful effects of nicotine. Gum and lozenges are fast acting but the user should reduce their use over time (Kozlowski, Henningfield & Brigham, 2001). Behaviour modification therapy will help reduce the problem of nicotine addiction. The user talks to other addicts or a counselor on ways to reduce dependency on nicotine. Behaviour modification therapy may be accompanied by medication prescribed to reduce the effects on nicotine on the user. The user should

Poverty and crime rates Essay Example for Free

Poverty and crime rates Essay There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the form of bread† (Mahatma Gandhi). Poverty is being in a state that is extremely poor and basically inhabitable. The correlation between poverty rates and crime rates has been examined through many different perspectives and by many different people. The majority of people believe that crime rates are higher in more developed countries and lower crime rates in undeveloped countries. Personally, I believe the opposite that crime rates are higher in undeveloped countries and lower in developed countries. There are many factors that affect high crime rates in a deprived country. The factors that affect high crime rates the most are that people in a poor society can not afford what they wish, the crime rates are higher in poor countries because people are not well educated and lastly, the government of a developing country is not as strict compared to the government of a developed country. Therefore the crime rates are higher in an undeveloped country. There are many factors that affect crime rates the major one is poverty. Crime rates are higher in an undeveloped country rather than a developed country since people would tend to steal what they cannot afford. The first factor that would cause a person of a poor country to steal something is if they cannot afford what they want. For example, in Africa many people cannot even afford their personal and physical necessities. The small community of Africa cannot afford enough food to fill up their stomach for a single night and will therefore have to rob food for themselves and their family.. Another reason why people in a poor country would commit more crimes is since they cannot afford the luxuries that they desire. Even though luxuries are not a component of survival they still play an important role in self confidence. For example, Car theft is much more higher in South Africa compared to North America since the people in South Africa cannot afford the luxuries of Mercedes or Porsche and would therefore steal the expensive luxuries that they want to be equal to everyone else. Next, the people of lower income feel excluded from society since they feel that they do not â€Å"fit in† with the rest of the community. For example, if one is wearing bum company footwear and the rest of the people in the community are wearing Nike company footwear then the person whom is wearing the bum company footwear would feel excluded from the rest of the society. This would cause the person of lower income to steal the expensive footwear just so they dont feel excluded and higher their self esteem. Another reason why people who cannot afford what they want is due to the impact of jealousy on the lower income community’s mind. For example, Kristopher Gutierrez beat one of his best friends after realizing that he had a relationship with his girlfriend Kristopher is charged for aggravated assault1. This shows that jealous rage can cause one to commit any crime for revenge. Crime rates are higher in countries with more poverty since people do not have proper education. Firstly, the education system in poor countries is more weak therefore people in those poor countries are not well educated and do not know what’s wrong and what’s right. For example, statistics show that 121 million children worldwide are out of education2. This shows that children whom are becoming uneducated by dropping out of school at such a young age are not able to realize what’s wrong and what’s right. These 121 children would not be able to pursue their future career and earn a respectable amount of money since they would not have knowledge about the opportunities that are available to them. This would cause the children to get involved into horrible thing such as theft and burglaries. Read more:  Essays About Crime Rate Increase Another reason that causes higher crime rates in a country is due to the weaker teachers in the poor country. The teachers have probably also committed crime in their life. This would cause the teachers with wrong knowledge to teach their students the same knowledge they have. For example, if a teacher has the knowledge that crime and theft is alright and acceptable this teacher would teach their students that theft and crime is acceptable then the students would go off thinking it’s okay and possibly even commit crimes. Another reason that affects higher crime rates in an uneducated country is due to the parents of the students that are also not well educated and are therefore not a good role model towards their children. The children learn these horrible things by their parents. Since each family has their own values the children consider these crimes to be acceptable. For example, the parents of a poor family would probably have to rob clothing for their children. When the children realize that their parents stole clothing for them they will follow their parents and do the same. Additionally, the government systems of poor countries are much less strict towards crimes. Such as, the police control officers don’t carry many weapons and devices since they cannot afford them. In Canada, the police officers carry many weapons around with them such as guns, knives and GPS systems compared to Africa police officers can’t carry many weapons around with them maybe only one and cannot afford to purchase GPS. This would cause the community to think that it is easy to get way with committing crimes. Also, the police would have less control over the criminal since the criminal would bribe the police officer with money and most commonly the police officer would fall into this. Another reason why a more undeveloped country with an easy going government system would commit more crimes is due to the laws and punishments which are not strict and the criminals would feel that the punishment is manageable. For example, in South African countries such as Botswana the government system is less strict compared to a developed country such as Canada. The laws in Botswana for crime is more easy going if you are caught speeding then you can bribe the officer for money although the law in Canada obviously does not allow you to bribe the officer. This proves that the laws in Botswana are much less strict in comparison to Canada. Another reason that affects crime rates in a poor country is due to the fact that people feel committing a crime is easy to deal with and the police force is less committed to their job since the officers know that they would not get in much trouble even if they do not perform their duty properly. The government is less strict. For example, the community of Botswana and Africa feel that it is easy to get away with theft. This makes theft a much more common aspect of their life since it is so easy to commit and so easy to deal with the punishments. If one commits a crime in Canada they feel guilty and very afraid of the horrible outcomes such as all of the punishments and years in prison they have to deal with. Therefore, the population of Canada would tend to commit fewer crimes in fear of the outcomes. In conclusion, the crime rates are higher in an undeveloped country and this is proven by many aspects. Firstly, since people cannot afford what they want. The people of some undeveloped countries cannot even afford the necessities for survival such as food. Also the people of an undeveloped country cannot afford the luxury that they desire they feel excluded from society which causes them to commit crimes to achieve what they desire and to â€Å"fit in† with everyone else. Secondly, in undeveloped countries the society is not well educated. The population that is suffering through poverty does not know what is wrong and what is right. Therefore commit crimes thinking its okay to do. The students dont have a good role model to look up to since the teachers and parents have also committed crime in their past and the parents do not realize its unacceptable to commit a crime. Thirdly, since the government system is very weak and not so strict in comparison to the government system of a developed country. Due to the fact that the government system is not strict in a poor country the populations of that poor country feel that it is easy to get away with committing a crime. Also, since the police force is less committed to their duty they become bribed very easily especially with money. Additionally, since the laws and punishments of an undeveloped country are not strict the community commits crimes easily. Overall, it is proven that the crime rates are much higher in a more undeveloped country. Works Citied Bennett, William J. , John J. DiIulio, and John P. Walters. Body count: Mora; povertyand how to win Americas war against crime an drugs. New York: Simon Schuster, 1996. Print. Ross, Sherwood. OpEDNews- Page 2 of Article: Why Poverty Spreads Across America. Opednews. com Progressive, Liberal United States and International News, Opinion, Op-Eds and Politics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. http://www. opednews. com/articles/2/Why-Poverty-Spreads-Across-by-Sherwood-Ross-101127-299. html. Short, James F.. Crime and Society. Poverty, ethnicity, and violent crime. Boulder, Colo. : WestviewPress, 1997. 220-245. Print. Taylor, Blake. Poverty Crime Fundamental Finance. Fundamental Economics. N. p. ,n. d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. http://economics. fundamentalfinance. com/povertycrime. php. Poverty vs. Crime Rates Essay By: Mariam Mirza For:Mrs. Rowley.

English Literature Polanskis interpretation of Shakespeares Macbeth

English Literature Polanskis interpretation of Shakespeares Macbeth Polanskis interpretation of Shakespeares Macbeth Critical Study: Macbeth Roman Polanski- 1971 What is the context of this film? Who is the intended audience? Polanski’s interpretation of Shakespeare’s Macbeth was produced in the context of the early nineteen seventies. The turn of the sixties decade introduced a period of great change and advancement within society. It was the era of ‘The Man on the Moon’, Women’s Liberation, free sexuality and Communism. Polanski incorporated many of these pressing themes into his work. In particular he chose to highlight the role of women, through the portrayal of the three Witches as such powerful and influential characters in regard to the development of the plot of the film. Polanski’s interpretation of the ending to the story also reflects upon the context in which it was directed. As the Witches are reintroduced at the conclusion of the film, it signifies the continual or cyclic state of unrest within the world. By including such relevant themes in the film, Polanski draws interest from a more modern and educated audience. How does the opening establish in terms of context, setting and interpretation? The opening scenes of the film establish a strong connection with the audience in terms introducing the characters, the plot, and the context in which the film was set and directed. The establishing shot of the film introduces the three witches, who together play a very significant part in the controlling the events which unfold in the film. The witches gather on a rugged coast against a backdrop of a raging storm and tearing ocean. As the witches possessively chant a super natural and unsettling theme is established. At the same time a feeling of reality is introduced as the camera draws in on the witch’s physical characteristics and the hand they are burying in the sand. As the image of the witches fades, the audio of a raging battle becomes the main focus of the audience. The audio piece sets the scene and establishes a context and theme within the film. The audience is immediately drawn into an unsettled world of violence, commotion and conflict, key elements in Polanski’s interpretation of the Macbeth. The open planes over which the battle takes place and the. Apart from the words spoken by the witches, the first conversations of the film establish a great understanding. The conversation that takes place introduces the plot and the key characters involved in the storyline. The context of the film is reinforced through the way the characters speak, their clothes and their values. The open plains, hills and rugged coastline place the events in an isolated and uncivilized setting. The opening scenes of Polanski’s Macbeth clearly establish in the audiences mind the context in which the film was set an directed. It further more establishes an insight into the plot and the characters who have a significant impact upon its outcome. How does the climax highlight this context and interpretation? The climax of the film refers to the siege that is forced upon Macbeth in his castle, resulting in his death and the crowing of Malcolm as King. The main element focused upon in this scene is the extensive amount of violence and brutality present. Such a theme represents not only the context in which the film is set, but in which Polanski’s interpretation was based. The film is set in medieval times, in approximately the fifteenth century. The violence and brutality displayed in the climax help to emphasise the uncivilised and dark period in which the film is set. The setting and the supernatural idea that relate to the climax similarly display such context. Polanski’s interpretation is heavily based around gruesome and brutal violence, the climax being the ultimate display. His interpretation linked closely to he nineteen seventies; the period in which it was being directed. The nineteen seventies decade marked the beginning of heightened change and development in the world. Similarly the fight that took palce between Macbeth and was rapidly intensifying. Like the world, their one on one battle had peaked and could have fell in either direction. Polanski was personally effected by a violent tragedy before his production of Macbeth. Polanski’s wife, Sharon Tate was brutally murdered in ritual cult driven murder by a group of followers of Charles Manson. The vicious and unruly violence featured in the climax can be seen as a link between is grievance and his wife’s death. The violent and fierce nature of events that unfold in the climax further display the context in which the film is set and interpreted. How are the following Represented? Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a powerful and sensual woman of sharp ambition. She is first introduced as a gentle and loving woman of great stance. A low camera angle highlights Lady Macbeth’s importance as does her flowing blue dress in contrast to the dull and dreary background. As she reads Macbeth’s letting outlining his meeting with the witches Lady Macbeth appears softly spoken and innocent. As her thoughts are seized by the prospect of power and wealth her tone immediately changes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ for us to fear the nature, to full of human kindness†. Lady Macbeth’s villainous traits are further established as she uses her sexual power and her position as a loving wife to force Macbeth into murdering Duncan. Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent underneath it. While Lady Macbeth maintains callous personality and a dominating power Macbeth, she is evidently revealed to be a woman of feeling and conscience. The nude shot of Lady Macbeth not only reflects upon the sexuality of her character but her realness and feelings as a person. Macbeth is portrayed throughout the film as a multidimensional character. Greed, power and ambition eventually rob Macbeth of his moral, diligent and respected characteristics. The beginning of the film portrays Macbeth as a noble man and friend. Riding with Banquo, it is one of the few camera shots in the film that display Macbeth and his company at similar angles. After his meeting with the witches, he wonderers in awe about their prophecies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The thane of Cawdor†¦It cant ever be†. He speaks softly as if in disbelief or uncertainty. As his mind ponders he quickly stands†¦ â€Å"I am thane of Cawdor†. His rapid change of thoughts display the different perspectives in which Macbeth takes throughout the film, highlighting his insecurity as a person. As Macbeth is encouraged by his own personal yearnings as well as his wife’s, he is encouraged to do whatever it takes to become king. Eventually being portrayed as an obsessive and gullible man, Ma cbeth’s world falls apart. The witches are consistently portrayed as dark and eerie and eccentric women. Their appearance portrays them as outlaws form society as does their isolated presence. The witches and events that relate to their prophecies are constantly accompanied by fierce weather and darkness .A representation of disruption and an unnatural balance. As they speak in rhyme the witches appear to be possessed or of a supernatural being. Similarly the witches represent the ancient tale of the three monkeys; Hear no evil, see speak no evil and hear no evil. In contrast to their supernatural features, constant physical factors are alluded to create the idea of reality. For example the mans hand they burry in he sand. What values and attitudes are implicit in the interpretation? Are they still relevant to the 2008 audience? Polanski’s interpretation of Macbeth is primarily based around ideas of rapid change, the cyclic world, violence, greed and power. Such themes were very prominent issues in society in the early nineteen seventies. Therefore they not only influenced his interpretation of the film, but also the audience that wit would appeal to. For example, the portrayal of lady Macbeth as such a dominating and sexual person can be viewed as a reflection of the women’s liberation movement occurring at the time. These values and attitudes that Polanski utilizes in his portrayal of Shakespeare’s Macbeth are still relevant in today’s society. As s global society were are still experiencing rapid change as part of the technological revolution. Greed, violence and power continue to be the root of all disruption in the world and the cycle of unrest continues. Compare the film to Shakespeare’s reading. -Does it support your reading? -Are there differences in how you imagined the representation of a character, setting, theme etc.? -Were the themes you believed to be most important in Shakespeare’s Macbeth highlighted? Were others? Polanski’s interpretation of Macbeth supports Shakespeare’s reading from many different aspects. Apart for the alternative ending and slight differences in character portrayal, both the play and the film follow the same basic plot. Watching the visual representations of the play helps to further understand not only understand the plot and the characters but the Elizabethan language which is used in both pieces. Polanski’s film highlights different themes to that of Shakespeare’s Macbeth. He does so according to the modern context in which he directed the film. Polanski’s portrayal of Lady Macbeth as a beautiful young lover differs to the harsh and vicious wife in the play. The witches and there significance is more commonly referred to and highlighted in the film than it is in the play. The main themes in Shakespeare’s play revolve around ideas of power, greed and tragedy. Polanksi’s interpretation incorporates all of theses themes but displays them in a less obvious manner, often disguising them behind violence. Violence and brutality was a theme constantly incorporated into Polanski’s film, while it was also present in the original Shakespearean play, it was not as graphic or as commonly addressed.

Different Yet Complimentary :: essays papers

Different Yet Complimentary Even though the Bergmann rule and Allan rule are different rules entirely they are both complementary to each other. In 1847 Bergmann observed that within the same spices of warm-blooded animals, populations have less bulky individuals are more often found in warm climates near the equator while, those with greater bulk, mass, are found further from the equator in colder regions. This is due to the fact that big animals generally have larger body masses that result in more heat being produced. The greater amount of heat results from there being more cells. A normal by product of metabolism in cells is heat production. Subsequently the more cells an animal has, the more internal heat it will produce. In addition, larger animals usually have smaller surface area relative to their body masses and therefore are comparatively, in efficient at radiating their body heat off into the surrounding environment. This is illustrated when the volume increases twice as fast as the surface size. Rel atively less surface area results in relatively less heat being lost. In 1877, Allen went further than Bergmann in observing that the length of arms, legs, and other appendages also has an effect on the amount of heat lost to the surrounding environment. He noted that among warm-blooded animals, individuals in populations living further away from the equator in colder environments. This is due to the fact that a thin body with relatively long appendages is less compact and subsequently has more surface area. The greater the body area, the faster body heat will be lost to the environment. A tall and slender individual will have the same volume but greater surface area. It is comparable to an animal with arm and legs. I will demonstrate to you in this essay that even though the Allan rule and Bergmann rule are two different rules they are also complementary to each other. I will show this through explaining each on thoroughly, compare and contrast them and by presenting examples for e ach rule. Carl Bergmann was a 19th century biologist who pointed out that amongst birds and mammal individuals of the same species tend to be larger and heavier when they lived in colder climates. This applies to pumas, bears, koalas, penguins, etc. Even in the case of people, there is an obvious difference between the height and weight of a high-latitude Scandinavian and those of an equatorial pygmy.

Cosmetics: Definition and History Essay

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skincare creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. A subset of cosmetics is called â€Å"make-up,† which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetics in the States defines cosmetics as: â€Å"intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body’s structure or functions. † The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage was found in Egypt around 3500 BC during the Ancient times with some of the royalty having make up such as Nefertiti, Nefertiti, mask ofTutankhamun, etc. The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing poisonous mercury and often lead. The ancient kingdom of Israel was influenced by cosmetics as recorded in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC. The Biblical book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well. In the middle Ages, although its use was frowned upon by Church leaders, many women still wore cosmetics. A popular fad for women during the middle Ages was to have a pale-skinned complexion, which was achieved through either applying pastes of lead, chalk, or flour, or by bloodletting. Women would also put white lead pigment that was known as â€Å"ceruse† on their faces to appear to have pale skin. Women in the 19th century liked to be thought of as fragile ladies. They compared themselves to delicate flowers and emphasized their delicacy and femininity. Sometimes ladies discreetly used a little rouge on the cheeks, and used â€Å"belladonna† to dilate their eyes to make their eyes stand out more. Make-up was frowned upon in general especially during the 1870s when social etiquette became more rigid. Actresses however were allowed to use make up and famous beauties such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry could be powdered. Most cosmetic products available were still either chemically dubious, or found in the kitchen amid food colorings, berries and beetroot. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all industrial societies around the world. Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years. The absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics has led to negative side, deformities, blindness, and even death through the ages. Examples of this were the prevalent use of ceruse (white lead), to cover the face during the Renaissance, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 20th century.

Notes: Meaning of Life and Distinguished Indian Writer

R. K. Narayan (1906-2001) is one of the most famous and distinguished Indian writer in English. He had a fine insight into various aspects on the lives of the poor and the middle class people, particularly in South India. He makes the dull and common place events more interesting and this essay is one such essay. In a writing career that spanned over sixty years, Narayan received many awards and honours. His writings are full of humour. In this essay he explains the advantages of headache.A blessing for Mankind: R. K. Narayan explains how headache conferred on mankind as a blessing by a benign providence and also talks about the usefulness of headache to avoid difficult situations. He later narrates an incident in his school life about the letter writing exercise, where his teacher used headache as a cause in the specimen letter. He always wondered what made his teacher to select for headache as a cause even in a specimen letter.Later he talks about the drill class during his school days and how students usually mentioned ‘headache’ as an excuse for avoiding the drill class after the school hours. One day the instructor asked all the students suffering from headache to hold their arms. For many students it raised large hope. The instructor also added that he was going to give them some special exercise to cure their splitting headache. Not even a boy raised his arms. Thus the instructor put an end to that problem. Touch of Importance:Headache gives the sufferer a touch of importance because it can be mentioned in any social gathering and is well taken. No other pain can be so openly mentioned with freedom from punishment. Other aches sound crude and bad which cannot be mentioned in publish and thus headache helps us to avoid many embarrassing situation. What is indisposition? Indisposition is a superior expression; it can be used only by eminent people. R. K. Narayan was really concerned about finding the real meaning of the word indisposition sinc e it is very vague and confusing.He feels that he was not able to understand the meaning of the word indisposition except that it sounds very well in press notes or health bulletins or in messages from eminent men to gatherings to which they have been invited. It cannot be written directly and it will sound better in the third person. A gentlemen is an eminent one, has a secretary or a deputy who can speak for him. For example a gentleman regrets his inability to attend the meeting today owing to indisposition (sickness or unwillingness).People will understand and accept the statement and will not question the concerned person. R. K. Narayan wants to know the perfect meaning of indisposition. Is the concerned person down with flu or malaria or cold or rheumatism (pain in joints and muscles)? He feels that the word indisposition could be used only at a particular level, not by all and if a school boy says â€Å"As I am indisposed, I want to be let off†, he will have his ears t wisted for his intelligence beyond his age. Headache as an excuse:If we openly say that we want to avoid the situation or an important meeting, people will get angry. No one has really got courage to tell that he/she is not willing to attend a meeting or a social gathering. The world is not yet ripe for such outspokenness and frankness. So we safely use headache as an excuse. At home, headache is used as an excuse to avoid many uncomfortable situations. The mother-in-law, who is angry with the daughter-in-law, uses it to avoid food. The son, who does not want to take his wife out, gives headache as an excuse.The boy, who has skipped his homework, claims headache in order to avoid his tutor and to send him back away. The cultured existence is not to interfere too deeply, but to accept the face value as expressed by the speaker. Conclusion: Headache has become a confirmed habit. Lots of medicines have been produced to cure headache, which people always carry with them and feels uneasy without them. Opticians give glasses to cure and relieve headache. All these things prove that mankind easily begins to believe in myths.

Europe On The Eve Of World War I Essay

World War I, or The Great War, actually started on June 28, 1914 upon the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a Serbian national. This led to a series of battles upon the eventual formation of the Central Powers made up of Germany, Austro-Hungary, the Turkish Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, and they fought against the Entente Powers made up of Russia, France and Great Britain. However, since â€Å"Europe stumbled unexpectedly into war in the summer of 1914,†1 the question remains as to which of the major countries that fought the First World War were most prepared in terms of economy and military strength and which were not. Britain Among the Entente Powers during WWI, Britain was actually considered â€Å"the greatest colonial power [and] maintained the greatest navy. †2 However, it is also a fact that during that time Britain â€Å"was being increasingly challenged by France and Russia†3 and Germany. The British in fact â€Å"increased their warship production with the  William R. Griffiths and Thomas E. Griess, The Great War (2003): 1. 2. Ian Westwell, World War I Day by Day (1999): 7 3. Ibid. 4. Spencer Tucker, The Great War 1914-18 (1998): 3 intention of war†5 and in fact had a series of wars with Africa in 1899. Britain, along with the other great European powers, â€Å"embarked on an arms race that ran in tandem with the scramble for colonies,†6 which simply means that the reason they improved their armies and navies was because â€Å"they needed to protect far-flung colonies and maintain a balance of military power with their neighbors in Europe. †7 During the early 20th century, Britain launched â€Å"HMS Dreadnought, a Battleship incorporating several new technologies that was far superior to any vessel afloat in 1906†8 This was somehow the reason why other European powers especially Germany began improving and â€Å"building their own dreadnought-type battleships†9 because they saw â€Å"a sudden vulnerability of their costly fleets. †10 However, one rumor was that â€Å"the British recognized the naval competition from Germany as a threat to their existence,†11 though â€Å"the naval arms race between these two powers would continue until the eve of the war. 5. Westwell, 7. 6. Ibid, 8. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid, 9. 10. Ibid. 11. Griffiths and Greis, 5. 12. Ibid. It is said that naval arms race between these two powers would continue until the eve of the war. †13 Nevertheless, â€Å"by 1914, Germany had a navy second only to England’s. †14 Economically, it is said that Britain, along with France and Germany, was ready for the Great War. The most important influence upon British and the rest of the European military during those times was in fact â€Å"the largess bestowed upon European societies by the Industrial Revolution. †15 It is said that â€Å"a wealth of goods, rising productivity, and material well-being†16 were brought about by the factories of the latter half of the 19th century. This period of economic growth all over Europe led to â€Å"the greater availability of education for the lower classes† and that â€Å"better and more widespread educational opportunities enabled citizens to comprehend more readily the†¦military affairs of the state. †17 This perhaps encouraged nationalism among the people of the various European nations. Consequently such feelings may have similarly encouraged rivalries with other nations. Thus, the soil for the war was fertile and all it needed was the seed – which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 13. Griffiths and Greis, 5. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid, 6 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. France As early as 1870, â€Å"France had considered itself – and had been considered by others – the leading military power of Europe. †18 It was defeated by Germany during the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 but it was not stated whether this war was really a showcase of the French military but rather it â€Å"meant a lasting antagonism†19 with Germany. Nevertheless, despite being a military power in the late 9th century, France had its â€Å"entire†¦province of Alsace [seized as well as] part of a second province, Lorraine. †20 Germany Since the empire became united in 1871, â€Å"imperial Germany had rapidly emerged as the dominant industrial and military power†21 in Europe and such â€Å"created a potentially explosive situation. It was also believed that â€Å"by the start of the twentieth century, Germany was creating a first-class navy,† which was in fact considered â€Å"the most obvious and dramatic illustration of Germany’s surging power in many spheres. †23 Such was the 18. Neil M. Heyman, World War I (1997): 5. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid. greatness of the military strength of Germany in the early 20th century. In addition to that, Germany also had an economy that was emerging as one of the strongest in the whole of Europe. Since 1870, Germany’s â€Å"industry had grown so rapidly that this part of Europe, which had supplied immigrants to the Western Hemisphere for more than a century, now imported labor from Poland. †24 Twentieth century Germany was actually home to â€Å"higher education and scientific research [and] a system of social insurance for its working class† and in fact, the country â€Å"could pride itself on being a world leader. † Germany also prided itself with a great leader during that time. The ruler of Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was often considered as â€Å"the embodiment and often the director of [Germany’s] restless energies. †25 By the late 19th century, Kaiser Wilhelm II earned the respect and friendship of a few ambitious military leaders who were against Britain and who would want to challenge it to war. One of these military leaders was Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the Secretary of State of the Imperial Naval Office of Germany at that time. Moreover, Kaiser Wilhelm II also had his own imperialist ambitions as well for he considered the German navy â€Å"a tool of external power†26 and even declared it to Prime Minister Arthur Balfour of Britain in 1902, many years before the outbreak of WWI. In fact â€Å"the Kaiser sought to play   24. Heyman, 5. 25. Ibid, 6. 26. Ibid. politics, and repeatedly declared that he was determined to make Germany not just dominant in European affairs but in the world† and had a â€Å"desire for a German-dominated central Europe. †27 Such was the measure of Wilhelm II’s ambition and resolve. The Kaiser’s biographer even wrote, â€Å"Only with a fleet could Germany be able to elicit from the British the esteem Wilhelm II believed to be his due. †28 Germany was indeed already a strong power in the early 20th century many years before the outbreak of the Great War. It is said that â€Å"the security of Austria-Hungary, the weaker of the Central Powers, was [even] guaranteed by Kaiser Wilhelm II [since] late 1912. †29 Such was the strength of Germany at that time that they could even guarantee the protection of the territory of another country in addition to their own. Conclusion On the eve of World War I, Britain, France and Germany were all ready for the war that was to ensue. However, among the three, Germany seemed to be the most prepared especially when it came to the military, specifically the development and advancement of its naval warships as well as powerful leadership in the person of Kaiser Wilhelm II. On the other hand, France, although a leading military power of Europe at that time, was in fact torn apart by Germany during the 1871 Franco-Prussian War, hence was not impressively strong compared to Britain and Germany. 27. Tucker, 3. 28. Heyman, 6. 29. Westwell, 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY Griffiths, Williams R. and Griess, Thomas E. The Great War. New York: Square One Publishers, Inc. , 2003. Heyman, Neil M. World War I. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. , 1997. Tucker, Spencer. The Great War 1914-18. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998. Westwell, Ian. World War I Day by Day. New York: The Brown Reference Group, Plc. , 1999.

Controversial Issues in Entertainment Paper Essay

Controversial Issues in Entertainment Paper - Essay Example Since discussions on such topics are open to public the questions regarding its ethicality are disputable. According to Kuypers (2002) â€Å"Controversial issues are news, and for news we look to the press." (p. 1). This essay aims to discuss the various issues and debates surrounding the coverage of controversial issues / news by the media. For the purpose of this study, the recent highly dramatic photo of a subway train bearing down on a man who was pushed off the platform, published by the New York Post on front page is used. The highly graphic depiction sparked widespread debates and criticisms condemning the unethical publication of the image, the misuse of the freedom of press, and insulting the dignity of humanity. Nature of controversy: On December 4, 2012 The New York Post published a photo on its front page, sensationally titled "Pushed on the subway track, this man is about to die. DOOMED" (See Appendix Fig. 1) Immediate after the sensational publication of the disturbing image by the newspaper, wide-ranging debates and criticisms surrounding the ethics in photojournalism and dignity of humanity began pouring in from all quarters of the society. The criticisms mainly questioned the photographer's choice of action in the face of adversity. The intent of the photographer, R. Umar Abbasi was questioned raising serious concerns over the incident, particularly since he chose to capture and then sell the image to New York Post, rather than do the obvious – i.e. intervene and try to help the man. The inaction of the photographer highlighted his apparent apathy towards the victim, inviting severe criticisms concerning his lack of judgment and gross violation of human rights. The publication of the photo by the New York Post on the front page also called for debates and criticisms surrounding the blatant use of liberty of the press by the publication. The news journalists and photographers are bound by a strict code of ethics and good conduct which en tails them to act prudently towards an individual or group and adhere to the standards of morality and principles normally attributed to and deserved by the humanity. According to the National Press Photographers Association's Code of Ethics: "Photographic and video and images can reveal great truths, expose wrongdoing and neglect, inspire hope and understanding and connect people around the globe through the language of visual understanding. Photographs can also cause great harm if they are callously intrusive or are manipulated" (NPPA (2012) Although the publication of the photo did not in any way violate the code of ethics, it however did cross the line of human dignity, especially considering that the graphic image was published on the front page. The photo was used since it was ‘newsworthy’, and such images / shocking news items are quick to catch the audience’s attention, as is apparent from the widespread reactions garnered overnight from all aspects of so ciety including journalists and citizens alike. Soon after the publication of the photo by the New York Post, other newspapers and tabloids as well as the television media covered the incident with varied reactions on the issue. Most of the print and visual media condemned the publication of the graphic image but continued to cover the story as more and more videos and images captured by

Gender and Inequality in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and Inequality in the workplace - Essay Example However, when it comes to gender inequality at workplace, Canada seems to be having one of the worst statistics. â€Å"On average, the estimated earned income for Canadian women is $28,315 compared with $40,000 for men†(Canada ranks 20th in global gender equality study, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to study why Canada has such bad statistics with respect to gender inequality even though it has a reputation of one of the most civilized nation in the world. Issues related to gender inequality in Canada Canada is a country to which immigration is rapidly growing. â€Å"In 1981, there were approximately 1.1 million visible minorities, accounting for 4.7 percent of the total population. By 2001, the number of visible minorities reached almost 4 million or 13.4 percent of the population† (Banerji, 2006, p.2). The above statistics clearly show that the minority population size in Canada is growing at a much rapid pace than that in other parts of the world. Majority of t he women from immigrant community are coming to Canada for employment. In fact the women from immigrant community are suffering more employment discrimination and wage inequality compared to the local women. This is because of the increased racial profiling and stereotyping. â€Å"For instance, using the Ethnic Diversity Survey, Reitz and Banerjee (2005) found that while only about 10 percent of White respondents perceived overall societal discrimination in the past five years, more than a third (35.9 percent) of visible minorities reported experiencing discrimination† (Banerji, 2006, p.2-3). The increased participation of women in paid work seems to be the major factor behind increased gender inequality in Canadian workplace. Earlier, women were not much interested in coming out from the kitchens and look for any paid jobs outside. In fact male domination prevented them from doing so. However, the changing concepts of social life and the increased call for men and women equa lity helped women to break the barrier and increase their participation in outside jobs. Theoretical perspectives A separate study released by the Toronto-Dominion Bank says the earnings wage gap is related to motherhood. "Women in this group appear to be incurring larger wage penalties unrelated to their skills, education and experience,† the bank says. â€Å"Evidence strongly suggests that labor force intermittency is the main, yet multidimensional, culprit." Women without children tend to have similar wages to men with comparable levels of experience and education. Women who leave the workforce to have children tend to experience "an unexplained, but persistent" wage gap of about 3% per year for each year they are away, the bank says (Canada ranks 20th in global gender equality study, 2011). Motherhood seems to be a major reason for the wage inequalities and employment discriminations in Canada. Motherhood prevents women from working as normally as men. Motherhood imposes certain burdens upon the females and therefore it is difficult for them to work just like men. Employers know this fact very well and they cite those reasons while explaining employment discriminations at work places. Genetically men seem to be much stronger both physically and mentally than females. In other words, women cannot undertake some jobs which require hard labor and mental strain. Even though, current females are willing to undertake any jobs,