business law :: essays research papers

Business Law BA 434 SEMidterm Exam 2001 Spring shapeQuestion OneJims promise is not enforceable under the contract law. A contract consists of 3 elements 1) tour, 2) acceptance, and 3) consideration. The offer must be definate. It must learn 1) subject, 2) price, 3) offeree, 4) quantity, and 5) time for completeance and it must be communicated to the offeree. Applying the elements of a contract to the facts before us, the contract began when Jim offered Pam a place to live. He basically recited that all she required to do was to come and see him. By accepting Jims offer, Pam traveled to see Jim, thus completing the contract. However, Pam assumes that in Jims consideration, he will pay for her incurred expenses as keen-sighted as she visits him. Jim is not bound to the contract because the offer was not definate. Yes, Jim offered Pam, the offeree, a place to stay, however, he did not stated when the act could be performed nor did he state exactly what "providing a place to live" included. Meaning, he only offered Pam a place to reside, and there was not mention of Jim handling any other expenses. Jims offer lacked quantity, time for performance, and definate communication. Thus, this intended contract is non-binding due to the indefinate offer.Question TwoDue to the methods of terminating a contract, Oneal was relieved of his contract. A contract consists of 3 elements 1) offer, 2) acceptance, and 3) consideration. The offer must be definate. It must have 1) subject, 2) price, 3) offeree, 4) quantity, and 5) time for performance.Now applying one of the methods by which a contracts are terminated to the facts before us, when the Opera House burned to the ground, it make it impossible for both Oneal and Jordan to perform. Oneal was bound to the contract, in that he accepted the offer, however, because the Opera House ( the contracted location) was no longer avail for use, he was not able to perform his duties of singing. Jordan was bound to contra ct because he offered Oneal a place to sing for six months, however, the torching of the Opera House made the providing of the stage practically impossible. The impossibility of performance made the breach of contract legally possible.

Louis Pasteur Essay -- Biographies Biography Pasteur Essays

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur was an showcase of a truly gifted person who made umpteen wildly diverse discoveries in many different areas of science. He was a world-renowned French chemist and biologist whose work paved the way for branches of science and medicine such as stereochemistry, microbiology, virology, immunology, and molecular biology. He likewise proved the germ theory of disease, invented the process of pasteurization, fermentation, and create vaccines for many diseases, including rabies.Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, France, and grew up in the small town of Arbois. As a young boy, Pasteur showed no particular interest in science. His talents were mainly drawing and painting. At age thirteen, he could draw remarkable pictures of his sisters, mother, and the river that ran by his home. During his youth, he developed an ambition to bring into being a nurtureer. While still in his teens, he went to Paris to study in a famous school called Lyc&61630e St. Louis. During his studies to become a teacher, he was fascinated by a chemistry professor, Monsieur Jean-Baptist&61630 Dumas. He wrote home excitedly about these lectures, and decided that he wanted to learn to teach chemistry and physics, just like his favorite professor.In 1847 he earned a doctorate at the Ecole Normale in Paris, with a focus on two physics and chemistry. Becoming an assistant to one of his teachers, he began research that led to a significant discovery. He found that a beam of polarized light was rotate to either the right or the go away as it passed through a pure resolving power of naturally produced organic nutrients, whereas when polarized light was passed through a solution of artificially synthesized organic nutrients, no rotation took place. If bacteria or other microorganisms were placed in the latter solution, then after a while it would also rotate light to the right or left. From this, he concluded that organic molecules exist in one of two forms, left-handed or right-handed forms. After spending some(prenominal) years researching and teaching at Dijon and Strasbourg, Pasteur moved in 1854 to the University of Lille, where he became the professor of chemistry and dean of the faculty of sciences. There, a main focus of research was on the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. Pasteur immediately began researching the process of fermentation. He was able to demonst... ...s one of the most important centers in the world for the study of infectious diseases and other subjects cogitate to microorganisms, including molecular genetics. By the time of his death in Saint-Cloud on September 28, 1895, Pasteur had long since become a national hero and has been honored in many ways. Over the years, he was awarded many awards, including the Cross of the Legion of Honor, the Grand Prix medal, the Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honor, and many other awards.The life of Louis Pasteur is a perfect example of joy over tragedy, and perseverance . After Pasteur married Marie Laurent in 1849, they had five children. Sadly, three of his children died before they reached 13 years of age. During his lifetime, Pasteur also suffered from two strokes, and one of them paralyzed his entire left side. None of these things, however, kept him from working, and none of his adversities kept him from wanting to help others. He was not only an example of an excellent scientist, but also an excellent example of a person who would not give up, no matter what happened. He once said, Let me tell you the secret that has led me to the goal. My only strength resides in my tenacity.

The Crucible’ provides a powerfully dramatic conclusion to the play. :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible provides a powerfully dramatic conclusion to the play. How does Miller achieve this and how does he make the listening respond to John Proctor?Act 4 of The Crucible provides a powerfully dramatic conclusion tothe play. How does Miller achieve this and how does he make the hearing respond to John Proctor?Arthur Miller wrote the Crucible in 1953, although the play is set inSalem in 1962. Salem is a highly phantasmal village and believedstrongly of witches and the devil. As did the whole of America. Atthis metre many mint in Salem where being accused of being witches,at this time mass hysteria swept across the remote village of Salemlike an evil plague. Matters where getting completely out of hand,resulting in the imprisonment of hundreds and the hanging of 19 peopleand 2 dogs. This is evidence of how stupid this isMiller aimed the title at John Procter (the Crucible), John Proctoris a very historic character and he includes a lot of attention tomake this play give th e effect that its supposed to do, Miller, whenhe wrote the story was thinking what to call it. He thought of anappropriate title The Crucible. This name gives great meaning, it isnot what most people ar lead to believe at early stages of the story,most people refer to The Crucible as a caldron. Instead its ametaphor to a heat proof container to purify metal. It is heated tohigh temperature and the impurities are separated leaving only thepure metal, this responds to John Procter after all the faults he hasdone at the end of the story he is pure at the end of the play thisis why he is so appealing to the audience. the storys main character,becomes so enthralled with the trial and all the pressure that hesigns his own death warrant just to get it over with. In 1962 lying isone of the most sinful things you can possibly do.At the spark off of the story John was a sinful man, everyone in thevillage kept to the 10 commandments like a magnet to metal, but Johndisobeyed 1 of the 10 comma ndments YOU SHAL NOT COMMIT ADULTRY youcan see his emotions in the play and tell that he is deeply sorry forhis faults, but Abigail Williams is not at all penitent about breakingGods code of commandments. Abigail is a very evil and viciouscharacter, she is 17 and she is an orphan that lives with her uncle, I

Sample Article Opinions :: essays research papers

Fillion, P. (2002) Postmodern Planning. pg. 265-285Quote Planning discourse is becoming increasingly disconnected from implementation.This extract is from the first paragraph of the article by Pierre Fillion. As a matter of fact, it is the first clock time he uses. It is a very strong sentence that sets up his article beautifully. While after reading his article, I do non agree with all of his statements or points, but this one, his main one, I do agree with strongly. Pierre lays out why he believes that planning discourse is becoming increasingly disconnected from implementation. He states that the public is becoming more involved in the planning aspect, many different ways, including advocacy groups, community based groups, and public general meetings. He also states that it is becoming harder to implement the plans that they do watch up with. I believe that this is happening for a multitude of reasons. First and foremost, the main reason that the implementation aspect is lac king is because almost all areas of the westerly world have become obsessed with financial stability as well as have become quite fiscally conscious. Therefore acquiring the financing for these plans has become increasingly difficult over the past so many years. Cities, individuals, businesses, provinces, states and governments cannot freely spend on items just because someone or a group wants something planned. People are becoming more conservative, and therefore less is being all over now, than once was. Another reason, that I believe that things are not always accomplished is because of the planning that goes into them. I feel that people have become more conscientious of the advocacy groups and public groups that want things planning and accomplished a certain way. With the rise in public input, it is possible that the planned projects lose some credibility, and therefore when it gets to the implementation stage, those involved are less move over to proceeding with the projec t. These two things, the publics opinion and the financial timidness, have led to a gap to be created between the two, and with each passing year, that gap seems to be widening. Qadeer, M.A. (1997) pluralistic planning for multicultural cities. Pg. 481-494Quote The cultural and racial diversity of citizens bears on the planning process in three ways.Following this quote the article goes on to explain in three ways how these three things affect the planning process. Without reading those three paragraphs, I am going to give my opinion on how I believe that in three ways the topic affects the planning process.

Gender Equality and the Law Essay -- Feminism Equality Social Issues E

Gender Equality and the LawOne of Ruth Bader Ginsburgs primary goals of the Womens Rights Projects litigation was to prove that stereotypical treatment of gender under the law was unconstitutional. It was Ginsburgs goal to make the Court realize that the laws derived function treatment of men and women, rationalized as reflecting natural differences between the sexes, historically had tended to contribute to womens subordination (Ginsburg 11). Ginsburg carefully selected cases which she felt would produce the greatest results. To do this, she pursue(d) a series of cases that illuminate(d) the most common instances of gender distinctions in the law (Ginsburg 14). In three cases, Reed v. Reed, Frontiero v. Richardson, and Craig v. Boren, Ginsburg was successful in arguing that effectual distinctions on the home of sex qualified as suspect classifications. Therefore the state must show a compelling interest in its legislation, and must demonstrate that the subject matter are necessa rily related to the ends sought to be achieved by the statue and are the least restrictive (Mezey 16). Today, it is debatable whether women are equal to men in the eye of the law. However, without the Womens Rights Projects litigation of the nineteen seventies, women would be remain subjected to stereotypical legal treatment and thus would still be regulated to an insufficient status of citizenship.The first case in which the Supreme Court invalidated a law which discriminated on the basis of sex became extremely important because it peck the president to which many future opinions would refer. Reed v. Reed, 1971, Ginsburg argued that Sally Reed was denied equal protection which should have been protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, when her husband wa... ...udes by stating in its opinion for Goesart v. Cleary 1948, that Michigan could, beyond question, forbid all women from working behind a bar (Goldstein 102 ). However, in 1976 the Supreme Court refused to approve laws which w ere establish on archaic and overbroad generalizations or on old notions of role typing (Mezey 19). Clearly, great strides have been taken towards anti stereotypical legislation, in roughly a quarter of a century. Legal equality for women is in large part due to the Womens Rights Projects litigation of the nineteen seventies and the legal genius of Ruth Bader Ginsburg who made the Court scrutinize sex Discrimination cases much more closely. The result is that the Supreme Court must test policies and practices by asking whether they integrally contribute to the maintenance of an underclass or a deprived position because of gender (Ginsburg 20).

Gender Equality and the Law Essay -- Feminism Equality Social Issues E

Gender Equality and the LawOne of Ruth Bader Ginsburgs primary goals of the Womens Rights redacts litigation was to prove that stereotypical treatment of gender under the law was unconstitutional. It was Ginsburgs goal to make the Court realize that the laws differential treatment of men and women, rationalized as reflecting natural differences between the sexes, historically had tended to contribute to womens subordination (Ginsburg 11). Ginsburg carefully selected cases which she felt would produce the grea tribulation results. To do this, she pursue(d) a series of cases that illuminate(d) the most common instances of gender distinctions in the law (Ginsburg 14). In three cases, Reed v. Reed, Frontiero v. Richardson, and Craig v. Boren, Ginsburg was successful in arguing that legal distinctions on the basis of sex qualified as suspect classifications. Therefore the state must show a compelling interest in its legislation, and must show up that the means are necessarily related to the ends sought to be achieved by the statue and are the least restrictive (Mezey 16). Today, it is debatable whether women are equal to men in the eyes of the law. However, without the Womens Rights Projects litigation of the nineteen mid-seventies, women would be remain subjected to stereotypical legal treatment and thus would still be correct to an inferior status of citizenship.The first case in which the Supreme Court invalidated a law which discriminated on the basis of sex became extremely all-important(prenominal) because it set the president to which many future opinions would refer. Reed v. Reed, 1971, Ginsburg argued that Sally Reed was denied equal protection which should have been protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, when her husband wa... ...udes by stating in its opinion for Goesart v. Cleary 1948, that Michigan could, beyond question, forbid all women from working behind a bar (Goldstein 102 ). However, in 1976 the Supreme Court refused to adore laws which we re based on archaic and overbroad generalizations or on old notions of role typing (Mezey 19). Clearly, great strides have been taken towards anti stereotypical legislation, in roughly a quarter of a century. Legal equality for women is in large part due to the Womens Rights Projects litigation of the nineteen seventies and the legal genius of Ruth Bader Ginsburg who made the Court scrutinize sex Discrimination cases much more closely. The result is that the Supreme Court must test policies and practices by asking whether they integrally contribute to the maintenance of an underclass or a deprived position because of gender (Ginsburg 20).

Basic Military Training

Basic Military Training (BMT) is a rite of passage that each 18-year-old male Singaporean must complete. BMT is in fact an organization, within the Ministry of Defence, where young males are required to participate in rigorous exercise routines and armed bit training at Pulau Tekong, an offshore Singapore island. This compulsory training consists of basic soldiering skills, including weapon handling, single(a) field craft, and bay superstart fighting. This military training helps to organize these young men for battlefield survival, should the need arise.The organization has its own rules and regulations, culture, and principles. As such, we have shared our experience at BMT, and compare some aspects of it to Henri Fayols authorized Approach. New recruits are bombarded with information, directives, orders, and instructions from senior ranking officers. For example, we are told Lights off at 10pm and Everywhere you go, you are to shoot my permission. Also, if any of us want t o component a grievance, we must approach our superiors. They are authorized to decide if anything can or should be done to resolve the matter.These superiors are specialists (sergeants) who are directly in charge of new recruits, and the CO(Commanding officers) generally are not involved in these matters. BMT entails a wide variety of tasks and comprehensive military training, Therefore, the recruits face danger, but with every(prenominal) attempt to avoid life-threatening scenarios. Being in BMT is similar to being in a highly sensitive organization. Recruits are not allowed to divulge any host secrets outside the organization, and they must be wary of any statements they make in public. altogether recruits must take an oath of allegiance and pledge their loyalty and money plant to Singapore. In accordance with Fayols principle of subordination of individual interest to general interest, there is no room for the word I in BMT. Accordingly, every recruit works together with the team or company that he is assigned to. If an individual recruit makes a mistake or fails to quest after an order, the whole company will be punished. For example, during my second week of BMT, all recruits were to report for physical training at 6 a. m.All reported except for one of my bunkmates, who overslept and was late. As a result, not only was he punished, but all the others from that platoon were punished as well. In BMT, recruits do not focus on their individual wants and needs, but instead they work as a team toward the betterment of their organisation. Hence, based on these illustrations, we can clearly state that communication within BMT is thus task-oriented. In a high-security government organization like this, a formal style of communication is appropriate and required.Ranks differentiate superiors from subordinates, and usually the higher the rank, the more lever and power you command. For instance, ranks of Cpt (Captain), Lt (Lieutenant), and Sgt (Sergeant) tend to increase the distance between individuals and hinders familiarity with each other. A recruit who approaches anyone of higher rank will probably feel some apprehension. All new BMT recruits are required to greet not only their company IC (in-charge), but also anyone else of higher rank. Required salutes and greetings include Good dawn Sir, and all answers are to be proclaimed with Yes Sir or No Sir The word Sir conveys the respect that is required from fresh recruits toward their superiors. After two years in BMT, I came to realise that it is ones rank, not ones age, that determines the level and amount of respect that they receive. BMTs formal approach becomes immediately apparent as new recruits enter the camps gate. Slippers, sandals, and t-shirts are forbidden, and shirts must be tucked into pants or jeans. Bermudas and shorts are banned as well. In short, all recruits are expected to wear proper attire.Hence professionalism, respect for superiors, and self-respect are the hallmarks and defining attributes of this bureaucratic and professional organisation. Fairness is another factor that contributes to BMTs formal culture, and it affects the style of communication. In keeping with Fayols principle of organisational reward, all recruits, whether they be a ministers son or a content sportsman, are awarded identical pay and receive identical treatment. The army does not discriminate against any background.Everyone in this military organisation shares the same facilities and consumes the same food. In addition, monetary rewards are granted to recruits who have done well in their physical fitness test (IPPT Test). Therefore, these examples demonstrate remuneration of personnel and equity in the classical model. While completing training at BMT, officers and superiors messages and announcements are usually issued in the form of letters and memos. These letters generally begin with the recruits rank or with the simple salutation of Mr. and are issued to th e recruits home address. Less formal notes or a thank you on a post-it are unlikely. Friends of the same rank are virtually helpless to aid peers during their stint at BMT. Hence, all recruits must rely on their superiors. However, this does not tight that there is no horizontal flow of communication or gangplank in the army. Recruits routinely turn to one another for minor favours, consolation, and motivation. Thus, BMT recruits indeed get to mingle around and talk to fellow trainees.In addition to the usual letters, memos, and emails, face-to-face communication does exist in BMT. For instance, in the middle of my training stint at BMT, three of my platoon mates and others from various companies were selected to meet the Captain for a face-to-face chat. During that meeting with our superior, we received some feedback on how we were coping with issues and situations in the Army. In closing, the army may seem like a very authoritative organization, but there are some exceptions that exclude them from being a total utilisation model for the Classical Approach.

Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic Essay

Aldo Leopold is considered to be one of the greatest philosophers of surroundal ethics of either time. Scientist, forester, environmentalist, and professor at the University of Wisconsin, Leopold has influenced and shaped todays environmental ethics. He electrical shocked many environmentalists with his environmental ethics and emphasized the importance of biodiversity and ecology. Leopolds around praised work is Land ethical code in A Sand County Almanac that he wrote. In this essay he emphasized the importance of conserving our environment and world part of it, instead of destroying it.In Aldo Leopolds essay he wrote land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies obedience for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such. This means that us as humans and the fall out predator on Earth should take c be of the environment and not destroy it by depleting on its resources. Leopold ex plains in his essay that everything in the environment depends on one another to survive and keep a level-headed environment.Leopold experienced this first hand while he was a forest manager in Arizona and New Mexico he believed that they should kill all the predators, wolves, to digest deer populations to grow. But as he analyzed it deeper he began to see the healthy balance the ecosystem had. Instead of us humans acting like the top predator or conqueror of the earth, we should consider ourselves as just another member of the ecosystem that cannot survive alone. We also depend on the other members of the ecosystem to survive and stay fresh a healthy environment.Aldo Leopolds Land Ethic applies to my final paper topic on acid rain because we as humans consider ourselves to be the conqueror of this earth. We do lots of things that are harming our environment and acid rain is just one of the many effects humans have on our environment. paneling rain happens because there are exce ssive amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere, and the reason why there is lots of CO2 in the atmosphere is because we produce it by burning fossil fuels for energy.For example driving your car and powering your home. All this CO2 in the atmosphere causes acid rain. Not only does acid rain impact us but it also impacts the environment. It lowers the pH level in lakes, killing many species of fish, loosing biodiversity and can cause the extinction of various species. By killing variant species of fish, we are not respecting our land ethics because we are not caring for the other members of the environment and we need those members to maintain a healthy ecosystem.Land Ethic means respect for another member of the environment and for the community we humans do not have the right to wipe out other species because we are the top predators. We must have respect for the all of the members in the environment and community to properly maintain a healthy and well balanced ecosystem.

Management Informational System

Answer Review questions 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, & 22 in your own words. First, write the questions, and then answer with square-toed explanation. 1. Define the term infobase. How is it different from a database care system? Database is simply a collection of data. A database helps and provides managers and decision making people with timely and germane(predicate) knowledge that leads the company to organizational success. A database management system is totally different than regular database. A (DBMS) is a group of programs that manipulates the database. . What is the hierarchy of data in a database? The hierarchy of data in a database is bits, records, files, database, fields, and characters. 3. What is the mathematical function of a primary key? How is it useful in controlling data redundancy? The break up of a primary key is identifying records and make sure they can be accessed and organized. It makes sure that each record in a file is funny therefore, no two file s can digest the same information. 4. What are the advantages of the database approach all over the traditional approach to database management?Most companies use database approach more over the traditional approach because it allows them the ability to share data and information. It allows them to share a pool of data with multiple different types of information systems. 5. What is data modeling? What is its purpose? Briefly draw three commonly apply data models. Data modeling is an approach to modeling organizational objects and associations that employ both text and graphics. To gravel up with a solution to a problem after the company has gathered and analyzed information. Enterprise data modeling investigate data and information needs of the organization * Entity-relationship diagrams uses graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationship amidst data * Data model diagram of entities and their relationships 6. What is a database strategy, and what is its purpo se? A database schema is a description including the logical and physical structure of the data and the relationship among the data. The purpose of database schema is to define the tables and other database associated with a user. 7.What is the difference between a data definition language (DDL) and a data manipulation language (DML)? DDL is a set of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database. DML is a language that allows user to access and modify the data, to make queries, and to generate reports. 8. What is a data warehouse, and how is it different from a traditional database used to support OLTP? A data warehouse holds all of the business information such as the processes, products, and customers of a company.It was designed to help with decision making for management and also stores historical data from operational systems and external sources. Data warehouse is more advanced and complex compared to using a traditional da tabase. 9. What is the relationship between the Internet and database? The Internet transmits data from one computer to another and database is a collection of organized data. 10. What is predictive analysis, and how does it assist businesses in gaining competitive advantage?prognosticative analysis is a form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events. It helps them find new market segments that could be paying for their businesses. PART II Fill in the Blanks with appropriate words 1. A(n) Database Administrator is a skilled and trained IS professional who directs all activities related to an organizations database, including providing security from intruders. 2. A(n) Character is a basic building block of information, consisting of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numeric digits, or special symbols. . A(n) Entity is a generalized class of people, places, or things for which data is collected, stored, and maintained. 4. A(n) Primary Key is a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record. 5. A(n) Data precedent is a diagram of entities and their relationships. 6. A(n) Relational Model database model that describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, which are the logical equivalent of files. 7. A(n) Flat file is a simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another. 8.A(n) Data Definition Language (DDL) is a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database. 9. A(n) Data Administrator is responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues, including setting data standards and data definitions that apply across all the databases in an organization. 10. A(n) Data Warehouse is a database that holds business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the companys proce sses, products, and customers. 1. A(n) Data Mart is a subset of a data warehouse. 12. Data Mining is an information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse. 13. Predictive epitome is a form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as future product sales or the probability that a customer will default on a loan. PART III Case 1 Managing International Trades with Powerful Database Systems Discussions questions 1.What unique challenges do databases that deal with financial markets face? They use the database to terminate business intelligence tools to allow it to process data. The company maintains a data warehouse on which it runs queries. 2. How does Internaxx calve data in its database for annual reports from the data that fuels real-time analytics? Inernaxx data warehouse provides data that gives out the annual reports that are updated frequently. Whereas, the functional databases that feed into the warehouse provides it with the real-time information.Critical thinking questions 1. In what ways does Internaxx use its database to provide the company with a competitive advantage? The Internaxx database fuels both wise investment decision-making for Intenaxx customers and wise business decision-making for Internaxx executives. It uses it database to fuel business intelligence and the company maintains the data in the warehouse. This insight helps to make a competitive advantage. Their database allows consumers to watch the rise and fall stock prices and market conditions. . What unique capabilities must the Internaxx database have in order to support trading in 15 stock exchanges around the world? They must deal with a numerous amount of data and the data collected by Internaxx originates from the many trading operations carried out by its customers. The company needs to make sure they have reliable network connectio n to make sure the exchanges are efficient and happen. Internaxx must have both a e-commerce and m-commerce to accomplish all of these exchanges around the world.

Salmonella

Bacteria are often the cause of mingled diseases that humans suffer from. They become one of the major factors of human mortality if non properly addressed. This is the reason why it is essential that people are properly informed about the effects of these bacteria and how they can be prevented and treated. It is highly main(prenominal) to disseminate information to the public about the bacteria that could be acquired easily by human beings in their everyday life, especially when it comes to their diet intake. A favourable example of feed borne bacteria is Salmonella.Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that are a major cause of food borne illness throughout the world (World Health memorial tablet WHO, 2008, n. p. ). The bacteria are rod-shaped, motile bacterium. However, there are nonmotile like gallinarum and pullorum. Salmonella is observable in animals, commonly in poultry and swine, as headspring as in environmental source of the organism such as water, soil, and insects. F acilities like factory surfaces and kitchen surfaces are also areas where bacteria grow (Walderhaug, 1992). Mode of Transmission dirty food is the main mode of transmission of the bacteria.Salmonella is commonly acquired by human beings by consuming food that comes from animals like meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and others (WHO, 2008). The bacteria can infect various domestic animals, birds, as well as other wildlife. The food derived from these living things and even the consumption of these animals itself is the major cause of infection. People become even more than susceptible to salmonella if the food they eat is non prepared properly. Furthermore, the bacteria could also be transmitted through water or by means of target contact with infected animal or person.However, such kinds of transmission are less likely to occur (Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, n. d. ). Possible Reservoirs for Salmonella Outbreak The primary winding reservoirs for nontyphodial Salmonella organisms are poultry, livestock, reptiles, and pets (Chatterjee, Varman, & Crevi 2006). This is collectible to the fact that salmonellosis is considered to be a zoonosis that has many animal reservoirs. As previously mentioned, the bacteria are commonly found in chickens, turkeys, pigs, as well as cows. Numerous domestic and even wild animals also serve as host for these organisms.This is proven by a new-made examination of various animals in the United States. Salmonellae are found to be present in 41% of turkeys in California, 50% of cultured chickens in Massachusetts, and in 21% of commercially frozen egg whites in Washington (Gianella, 1996). Possible Ways of Food Contamination The main reason for food contamination is the indecent handling, preparation, and cooking of meals, especially of poultry products. Food coming from animals such as eggs and chicken that are infected with salmonella could transmit these bacteria if they are not properly cooked.Food contamination coul d also take place during preparation. For instance, if the raw chicken used as an ingredient to make potato salad contains salmonella, the whole meal could be contaminated. Moreover, the outbreak of the bacteria is caused by the increase in the number of agents. This could occur through Salmonella typhi, which is responsible for causing enteric fever or enteric fever fever. Salmonella typhi is only found in humans that could easily spread through foreign travel. People who travelled abroad acquired these bacteria through contaminated food and water.They also become probable chronic carrier of these bacteria. In fact, in the U. S. , more than two-thirds of salmonella infection in 50,000 cases of Salmonella gastroenteritis and 400 cases of typhoid fever is due to foreign travel (Chatterjee, Varman, & Crevi 2006). Prevention Since the main mode of transmission of Salmonella is through contaminated food, the best possible way to prevent the outbreak of these bacteria is by means of food safety. Food safety pertains to conditions and practices which make sure that the quality of food is preserved in order to prevent contamination as well as food borne illnesses.Some of the ways that would prevent food contamination are washing of thoroughly of hands, making sure that all utensils used for food preparation are clean, properly storing food items to avoid cross-contamination, and cooking meals at the correct temperature to kill existing bacteria that are present (A. D. A. M. , Inc. , 2008). Furthermore, the environmental purlieu should also be kept clean especially because salmonella could also be found in water and soil. People should also be more metrical of the water that they drink.

Race Relations Essay

The article entitled The state of race relations Editorial. was written by M. Fletcher & K. Thompson was taken from the Courier-Journal website http//www.courier-journal.com/ dated January 17, 2010 but was retrieved on January 27, 2010. The article focuses on racial profiling, particularly that of Black Americans by law enforcement.The first point that Fletcher & Thompson makes is how the first year of chairperson Obamas presidency brought the boorish face to face with racial schisms as much as it has promoted racial understanding. It is further implied that most Americans do not completely view President Obama as African American, citing that he is Light-skinned, has no Negro dialect. and therefore not subjected to the same police brutality as that of dark skinned African Americans much(prenominal) as Harvard scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. Gates was arrested by Cambridge, Mass Police Sgt. crowd Crowley for disorderly conduct after police were called to his sept suspecting to find a black man breaking into the home Bates did not have his keys. All charges were subsequently dropped.The second point suggests that while the gap among whites and blacks has narrowed in the past decade, racial profiling and the reconciliation President Obamas election seemed to have promised remains far off. President Obama seems to be what any red blooded American didnt want in a president black, little political experience, supposed Muslim beliefs and hope that Americans could become follow in all aspects of society.I am lead to believe the difference between African Americans and Anglo Americans is growing in a positive direction. As with Sgt. James Crowley, the view of black Americans remains relatively the same in a general sense, yet with the election of the first African American as President of The United States, the way law enforcement uses or collects data will be a basis for a unified change in how race is viewed passim the world.The United States will reflect how t hose in authority are trained, educated and in cases where wrong doings are revealed, disciplined. No matter what changes are do in our future, wherever race is a factor there will be ignorance.

Effectiveness of Racial Profiling in Countering Terrorism

Students Name Professors Name Subject Code and Title Is Racial Profiling an Effective Counter Terrorism stripe? The September 11 fright attack on the American soil was followed by a successive wave of events that were aimed at countering terrorist act. As the global assignment on terrorism intensified, racial pen became much pronounced along the corridors of counter-terrorism. Conversely, the employment of racial profile as an instrument for detecting terror suspects and countering terrorism has elicited sharp criticism from different quarters.Even as protagonists of racial write reiterate its effectiveness in combating terrorism, dissenting voices lament the flagrant human rights violations and racial segregations borne of racial profiling. This paper critically examines the issues surrounding racial profiling in order to form a benchmark upon which the effectiveness of racial profiling in countering terrorism can be measured. The September 11 attacks on the US soil, which w as one of the adept worst acts of terrorism in the worlds history, led to the re-emergence of racial profiling in full force.In a desperate effort to bring to book the perpetrators of these attacks, security agencies in the US developed prejudice on Middle-Easterners. These prejudices were then systemise into law including additional security measures for Arabs and Muslims leaving and entering the US territory. It is against this backdrop that racial profiling gained prominence not only in the US notwithstanding also among its allies. This then raises a very pertinent concern as to whether racial profiling is effective in countering terrorism across the globe.Security organs more often than not contribute based detention and interdiction of suspects primarily on the basis of their race, ethnicity and/or religion. Pickering et al argue that racial profiling occurs against the view that certain minority groups ar more likely to engage in unlawful behavior. They further posit tha t integrating national security into law has undetermined up the possibility that racial profiling is inevitable in predicting crime and identifying potential perpetrators of crime.Profiling is however problematic in terms of its effectiveness given the detail that it is not firstly correlated statistically to risk. Secondly, racial profiling is ineffective in substantially narrowing down a pool of potential suspects (60). Therefore, profiling of suspects fails to meet professional law enforcement principles but instead reflect prejudice and discrimination. Nevertheless, the biggest concerns over profiling lie in the invasion of privacy as substantially as the erosion of fundamental civil liberties.The US has been on the forefront in advocating for the manduction of Passenger Name Records (PNR) information in an effort to single out possible terror suspects. However, this action invariably subjects individuals of particular ethnicities and religions to additional security checks consequently giving lee modality to arbitrary discrimination (Muffler 241). What authorities do is basically identify names on the PNR that are Muslim or Arabic in nature. With the perception that Arabs and Muslims are potential terror suspects, they subject bearers of such names to more rigorous security screening.This act does not only discriminate affected individuals but it also produces a large number of ill-considered positives. Pickering et al have ascertained that large numbers of false positives divert resources needed to enhance more productive law enforcement activities. Moreover, false positives draws attention international from real threats and this is welcome news for terrorists. To that respect, racial profiling becomes self-defeating in the sense that it overlooks mainstream target groups thus ignoring the real danger of homegrown non-target terror groups (62).In the new past, we have had terror attacks instigated by native citizens who have been either inspire d by radical religious teachings or who are angry with their governments for reasons known to themselves. These individuals are never prioritized by the authorities thus pose a greater danger to national security. Over-emphasis on foreigners paves way for homegrown extremists to plan and execute terror attacks undetected. It is therefore a morally repugnant practice to target individuals as terror suspects based on their race and/or religion.Not all Muslims are terrorists and uncomplete are all people of Arabic origin terrorists. It is really fallacious to generalize Muslims and Arabs as terrorists based on religious and ethnic prejudices. This then meaning that these individuals who would have otherwise provided intelligence on terror activities become sympathetic to terror groups with whom they share racial and religious inclinations. In the long run, racial profiling degrades social cohesion it fuels animosity and ends up instigating more terror attacks that it intended to coun ter in the first place (Pickering et al 62).Racial alienation in the foment of racial profiling has given rise to a new phenomenon referred to as social terrorism. Intolerance experienced in society today has left victims of racial profiling with indelible marks of acute, episodic and vicarious discrimination. kind terrorism shutters minds, bodies and souls with affected individuals developing serious spiritual disturbances. These disorders may include questioning the nubble of living, cessation from religious practices as well as loss of vitality and aliveness.Spirituality in particular is at the heart of resilience to adversity among people of color. contend a persons spiritual beliefs therefore creates individuals prone to radical religious teachings. It is the victims of social terrorism that have been found to cause the worst atrocities against humanity since they have secret code to lose after all (Etiony 97). Profiling indeed increases the detection of terrorists attack in the short run. Through racial profiling, terror suspects have been apprehended out front initiating their attacks.In the long run however, racial profiling creates the possibility of dangerous substitution. On the current trajectory, there is no empirical evidence whatsoever exploring the use of racial profiling as a counter terrorism measure. This means that we have no idea whether racial profiling is indeed bearing fruits in countering terrorism or not. What we are aware of is how racial profiling has negatively impacted those subjected to it (Center for Human Rights and Global justice 19).It is not my intention to ruffle peoples feathers the wrong way or even stir still waters. To that respect, I will try my very best to keep friendly skies friendly by condemning terrorism unreservedly with the strongest words possible. Terrorism destabilizes democracies by attacking the life and liberties of citizens. It must(prenominal) be met with firmness and increased co-operation among democratic countries. However, inasmuch as we must counter terrorism, we must denounce the escalation of barbaric acts that strike down innocent victims.People do not immigrate to foreign lands just to bomb them but they rather do so to appreciate the quality of life in these foreign countries. It is therefore incumbent upon the citizens of resident countries to welcome these foreigners and help them integrate in their communities. When all is said and done, it is positive that we win the war on terrorism if we desire to make the world a peaceful haven. This war will not however be win through covert and coercive methods of intelligence gathering. Law enforcement agencies must desist from hiding their laziness and inefficiencies behind racial bigotry.What is needed is development of security structures for sharing intelligence between security agents and citizens on counter terror activities. Security agencies can no longer afford to guard terrorism as a top secret since terroris m affects all people regardless of their status in society. Fundamental rights must never become casualties of the politics of fear that have characterized States response to the war on terror. A faithful adherence to human rights incorporated in international, regional, and domestic law is the only sure way of securing and protect all persons.Works Cited Center for Human Rights and Global Justice. Irreversible Consequences Racial Profiling and Lethal Force in the War on Terror. NY NYU School of Law, 2006. Print. Etiony, Aldarando. Advancing Social Justice Through Clinical Practice. NJ Lawrence Eribaum Associates, 2008. Print. Muffler, J. Steven. Racial Profiling Issues, Data and Analyses. NY Nova Science P, 2006. Print. Pickering, Sharon, McCulloch and Wright-Neville David. Counter-Terrorism Policing Community, Cohesion and Security. NY Springer, 2008. Print.

Lord of the Flies Homework Essay

swinish is clearly a clever boy, but he is a victim as well as? How does the writer use him in the novel?Lord of the Flies is about a group of schoolboys stranded on an island. The boys have to fend for themselves and try to know rescued. One of the important characters in the book is hoggish.The second person we find out about on the island is hoggish. We never find out his real shout because he was always c exclusivelyed shoat and at the beginning Piggy also says They employ to call me Piggy. He said this to Ralph because he trusted him and precious to build friendship with him. Ralph makes fun of him, which shows the first sign that he is a victim.When Golding first introduces Piggy, he is described as the fat boy, w hereas Ralph is described as the fair boy and as an athletic person. This contrast between the two characters makes Piggy seem inadequate in comparison to Ralph. This consequently makes him a in all probability victim too. It also makes Piggy the most physic ally vulnerable character because he is overweight and has asthma.Golding uses Piggy as a representative of an adult on the island. Even though at the start he repeatedly talks about his aunt, My auntie told me not to run, which sounds very childish, but as the rules of nicety fall away from the island, he does not mention his auntie any more. On several places throughout the novel Piggy wonders about what grownups would say. He longs for the effect and structure that adults impose. On times when Ralph thinks about what will happen next Piggy says they just have to carry on because that is what grownups would do. When the boys go rushing out to light the fire on the mountain, Piggy describes them as crowd of kids and follows them with the martyred expression of a parent. These examples clearly show that Golding uses Piggy to replace the grownup world.another(prenominal) example of his maturity is when he wants the shelters to be built, The first thing we ought to have made was sh elters down there by the beach Then when you get here you build a bonfire that isnt no use. Now you been and set the whole island on fire. This shows also that Piggy had common sense by wanting to build the shelters on the beach first, which big businessman be boring, but better than the doing exciting things first like the other boys think.The writer also uses Piggy as a attribute of intelligence and civilisation. This however did not benefit the rest of the boys directly. If this was the case, he probably would not have been victimised at the end. The main reason for this might be that he did not have any leadership qualities, as an obese person, having asthma and wearing glasses would not be able to do certain things.His look did not fit into the profile of a powerful leader and he did not have the charisma a leader collects. Instead of this Piggys intelligence was used and published by Ralph, which left him with nothing to tell the group that they would recognise. This made P iggy change surface more of a victim because nobody apart from Ralph really denounced Piggys intelligence. Ralph needed Piggy and that is why he was able to notice his intelligence. Piggy was someone who reminded Ralph back to civilisation when his thoughts began to drift away.Piggy knows all sorts of things like at the beginning he finds and also tells Ralph how to use the conch and that it would make a noise, which would then call all the boys together. This also shows his intelligence.The physical appearance of Piggy is his biggest fallback of his ideas he puts into the assemblies. Often his ideas are completely ignored, because nobody recognises how important they might be. Because Piggy is very sensitive too and Jack continuously bullies him, he does not get any respect from the other boys. The fact that Jack is lucky in doing this to Piggy, other boys get frustrated and choose to ignore him and follow Jacks influence.Once rules are established, in Piggys eyes, shift them i s unthinkable because he stays civilised throughout the whole novel. On several places in the book he says Ive got the Conch. Let me speak and a lot of referring to the conch because he sees the conch as an important symbol unlike the other boys. Whereas the other boys on the island do not care about rules at all Piggy cares a lot about them. He is unable to adapt the living without law and order and does not comprehend why the other boys can. Piggy gets killed in the end because Jacks tribe gets fed up with Piggy and his importance of the conch and rules.By the treatment of Jacks tribe towards Piggy Golding wants to show that a society also needs a scapegoat. The boys choose Piggy because of his physical appearance and because they do not understand his intelligence and the need of it. By picking Piggy as the scapegoat they make themselves feel better. Jack, who bullies him most, also slaps him on the mountain because he knows that Piggy will not be able to take revenge on him as P iggy is a fat boy having asthma. This makes Piggy a victim too, because it shows that everyone on the island could do anything to Piggy without worrying that he might not revenge.Even the name Piggy makes him a victim. I think Golding called him so because he is the victim of the island. His name is used as he is the prey of the island just like the pigs that are killed for food. This is done to show how society victimises people.In conclusion Piggys character is the symbol of civilisation and intelligence. He mainly becomes a victim because of his physical appearance and his inability to do certain things because of his asthma. I think Golding chose to victimise Piggy because he wanted to make the reader feel sympathy towards a civilised, kind and intelligent character, no matter how his physical appearance is.

Batman Character Study

Batman is often referred to as an emotionless and inhuman character that does not confine any solid relationships in his life. On the surface it may seem like that, but in reality Batman does have relationships with people. Examples of these relationships are shown in the graphic novel, Batman grade One, and the movie, The Dark Knight. The first person that Batman has a relationship with is lieutenant Jim Gordon. Batman and Gordon share a common goal of getting crime off the streets. At the beginning of Batman Year One Gordon believed that Batman was a villain.Gordon thought that he could not trust Batman. As the story went on Gordon realize that Batman was fighting crime and was a trustworthy person. Gordon distinguishs that he of necessity Batmans help to help add down not only criminals, but the muck up police system in Gotham. And Batman knows he needs someone with values within the corrupt police force to help him fight crime. This relationship carries all(a) over into the movie, The Dark Knight. Gordon can now signal Batman whenever he needs assistance, by simply turning a giant spot light used to signal Batman.Many people do not contemplate Gordon a friend of Batmans but Aristotle does not agree with that. They have what is called a friendship of utility, which room both men benefit from the other. Batman needs Gordon, a trustworthy man inside a corrupt police force. Gordon needs Batman, a superhero that can help stop all the crime in Gotham City. some other relationship that Batman has is with his butler, Alfred. When Bruce Waynes parents were killed Alfred became the father figure in Bruces life. Alfred raised Bruce and made him the man he is today.Alfred has been there everyday of Bruces life. In turn, Alfred is given a house to live in and all the necessary matters to live. Alfred is very nurturing and is often there for Bruce with great advice. In The Dark Knight when Batman wanted to quit, Alfred had the proper(a) things to say in or der to motivate Batman to keep fighting crime. It is clear that Batman and Alfred have a soused relationship. Their relationship is closer than the one that Batman and Jim Gordon share. They seem to have an emotional caring for one another.The only thing that is keeping them from having a deeper relationship is the fact that Bruce will perpetually be the master and Alfred will always be the servant. The last relationship that Batman has is with Rachel Dawes. Rachel is a childhood friend of Bruce and the love of his life. She is one of the only persons to know Batmans true identity as Bruce Wayne. In The Dark Knight Batman is often trying to further her. One congresswoman is when she is thrown off of the building by the Joker, Batman jumps off to rescue her.Another example is when both Harvey Dent and Rachel are trapped at different locations and Batman must choose which one he wants to save. Batman chooses to go after Rachel. It is very obvious that Batman has strong feelings fo r her. Rachel and Bruce were once together but Bruces business as Batman got in the way. Rachel is now dating Gothams District Attorney, Harvey Dent. This hurts Batman because he cant fundament to see the love of his life with someone else. Batman shows the most emotion toward Rachel, and this makes him a very human character.In conclusion, Batman is a very human character with strong relationships. This is clearly shown through his relationships with Jim Gordon, Alfred, and Rachel Dawes. At a glimpse, it seems as though Batman is inhuman. But once you dig deeper you find he has many relationships and cares for many people. Many people say that Batman has no strong, deep relationships. This is not true. Batmans strongest relationship is with the city he protects. Batman made a promise to his parents. He promised he would make Gotham a better place. Protecting and cleaning up Gotham gives Batman the furthermost fulfillment.

Endometritis

Postpartum metritis Evidence Based Paper March 13, 2012 metritis is the inflammation or irritation of the uterus, which is a communal post partum complication that occurs in more than 15% of all pregnancies and is currently the leading cause of enate mortality (Scott & group A Hasik, 2001). When metritis is not related to pregnancy, it is refer departure to as pelvic inflammatory unsoundness (PID).The Centers for disorder Control and Prevention (CDC) 2010 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guideline defines PID as any cabal of metritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. From a pathologic perspective, endometritis can be classified as acute versus chronic. knowing endometritis is distinguished by the nominal head of neutrophils within the endome attempt glands. Chronic endometritis is characterized by the presence of plasma cells and lymphocytes within the endometrial stroma.Chronic endometritis in the postpartum or post abortion enduring is ordinarily associated with retained products of conception later on lecture or abortion. In the nonobstetric population, chronic endometritis has been associated with transmission systems much(prenominal) as chlamydia, tuberculosis, bacterial vaginosis, and the presence of intrauterine devices (Rivlin, 2011). Early-onset postpartum endometritis occurs within two days of delivery, and the late-onset of the disease can occur up to six weeks postpartum.This check into will usually start as a local infection at the placental attachment pose and if left untreated, can hand out to the whole uterine endometrium (French &type A Smaill, 2004). There are numerous fortunes associated with this condition, and diagnosis relies heavily on the clinical brain of the practitioner. The contamination of the uterine cavity with vaginal organisms during labor and delivery causes the disease. Both bacterial and viral infections whitethorn initiate endometritis and many of the agents that caus e the infection are naturally present in the vagina.This condition bones commonly after delivery because delivery results in tears, rips or incisions in the vagina, cervix or uterus that allow these agents to enter the uterine lining. The infection can shake up several species of responsible agents that can be aerobic or anaerobic flora (French & ampere Smaill, 2004). The method of delivery will determine which causative agents prognosticate the possibility of endometritis. For vaginal deliveries, the presence of the organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis or genital cultures positive for aerobic Gram-negative organisms can indicate endometritis.In cesarean fork outs, the occurrence of certain bacteria such as group A hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci B, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma hominis in amniotic fluid cultures will put the patient at an increased risk for this infection (French & Smaill, 2004). With the increasing number of people opting for natural b irth methods, including water system births, the danger only multiplies. This is because disinfecting procedures as they are carried out before major surgery is usually not practiced in a home environment.Prompt treatment is essential to prevent the spread of the infection finished otherwise areas of the body, including the pedigree. Prolonged infection can be fatal. The immediate postpartum period following birth is a time of increased risk for all women for infection. Microorganisms entering the reproductive tract and migrating into the blood and other parts of the body could result in life threatening septicemia (French & Smaill, 2004). Timely diagnosis and aggressive treatment is essential to prevent these complications.Complications of endometritis include infertility, extension of infection to involve the peritoneal cavity with peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and septic pelvic thrombophelbitis. Septic pelvic thrombophelbitis is a condition in which blood clots in o ne of the pelvic vessels become infected. If untreated it could progress to septic pulmonary emboli, in which the infected blood clots travel to the lungs and lead to death (French & Smaill, 2004).Septic shock is a life-threatening general infection usually caused by bacteria and on rare occasions follows postpartum endometritis. The bacteria that invade the bloodstream divergence a substance known as endotoxin, which causes diminishd blood pressure, clot formation, major tissue injury, and flight of fluids. Accordingly, organs may fail because they are not receiving enough blood and nutrients. Fortunately, this condition during pregnancy or in the postpartum period is a rare clinical event (Mazzeffi and Chen, 2010).Major risk factors for obstetric endometritis include the following Cesarean delivery (especially if before 28 weeks gestation), rupture of membranes lasting more than 24 hours, excessively long labors, severely meconium-stained amniotic fluid, manual placental removal, and extremes of patient age. Other threatening factors have been identified in additional studies, including no prior cesarean delivery, preterm or postterm gestation, low infant Apgar scores, antepartum infections, preeclampsia, amnioinfusion, postpartum anemia, the presence of internal monitors, and steroid medications (Olsen, Butler, Willers amp Gilad, 2010).Acute endometritis is typified by the existence of neutrophil cells in the endometrium. Neutrophils are white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules that consume harmful bacteria, fungi, and other foreign materials. Characteristic symptoms of endometritis include abdominal distention or swelling, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever (100 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit), ordinary disconsolation, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise), and lower abdominal or pelvic hurt (uterine pain). Anemia occurs when a patients red blood cell think is lower than 4. -6. 0 million red blood cells per micro liter o f blood. Losing large amounts of blood during delivery or prior to delivery may be a contributing factor for a low red blood count, anemia and potentially endometritis. Red blood counts (RBC) are needed to indicate anemia and the sedimentation grade (ESR). The sedimentation rate measures the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour. It is a common hematology test that is a non-specific measure of inflammation, which is evident in endometritis.The diagnosis of postpartum endometritis is based on the presence of fever in the absence of any other cause. Uterine tenderness, pussy or foul-smelling lochia and leukocytosis are common clinical findings used to support the diagnosis of endometritis. Leukocytosis is a elevated white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range in the blood. The standard comment for puerperal fever used for reporting rates of puerperal morbidity is an oral temperature of 100. 4 degrees centigrade or more on any two of th e first ten days postpartum or 101. degrees or higher during the first 24 hours postpartum (French amp Smaill, 2004). Additionally, when the above symptoms occur, urinalysis and urine culture may be through. However, endometrial cultures are rarely indicated because specimens collected through the cervix are usually bemire by vaginal and cervical flora. A sterile technique with a speculum is used to avoid vaginal contamination, and the sample is sent for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. If fever persists for 48 hours (Some clinicians use a 72-hour cutoff) after endometritis is adequately treated, ther causes such as pelvic abscess and pelvic thrombophlebitis should be considered. Abdominal and pelvic imaging, usually done by CT, is sensitive for abscess but detects pelvic thrombophlebitis only if the clots are large. If the results of the imaging are negative, a trial of heparin is typically begun to treat presumed pelvic thrombophlebitis as a diagnosis of exclusion (Moldenhauer, 20 08). Before the sexual climax of the antibiotic era, puerperal fever was an important cause of maternal death.With the use of antibiotics, a sharp decrease in maternal acute postpartum infections has been observed, and it is now accepted that antibiotic treatment for postpartum endometritis is warranted. Intravenous broad-spectrum therapy (cephalsporins, penicillins, or clindamycin and genatmicin) is appropriate for the treatment of endometritis. Regimens with activity against penicillin-resistant anaerobic bacteria are conk out than those without. There is no evidence that any one regimen is associated with fewer side set up.Once uncomplicated, endometritis has clinically improved with intravenous therapy, and oral therapy is not needed (French, 2003). Furthermore, it is essential that the patient receive supportive bring off including hydration, placidity and pain relief. Antibiotics should be discontinued 24 hours after the patient is asymptomatic. Assessments should be take n of the lochia, indispensable signs, and changes in the womens condition continue during treatment (Perry, Hockenberry amp Lowdermilk, 2010). Treatment is usually considered successful after the woman is afebrile for 24 to 48 hours.If the initial antibiotic regimen does not result in resolution of fever and other symptoms within three days, the antibiotic regimen is usually changed. Consideration is alike given to the possibility that the woman may have complications requiring specific treatment. The most effective treatment and least expensive treatment of postpartum infection is prevention. Preventative measures include good prenatal nutrition to understand anemia and intrapartal hemorrhage. Good maternal perineal hygiene with through hand hygiene is emphasized.Strict adherence to unfertile techniques by all healthcare professionals during childbirth and the postpartum period is very important (Perry, Hockenberry amp Lowdermilk, 2010). Endometritis is usually caused, in the p ostpartum scenario, because of a deficient care taken to avoid streptococcus and staphylococcus infections in the delivery area. These two bacteria are present on every inch of our skin, and considering that delivery is the one time when the poses insides are most exposed, precautionary measures to maintain a sterile environment in the delivery or birthing room should be taken.The benefit of antibiotic therapy for laboring women has been unquestionably established. Intravaginal metronidazole as surgical preparation and oral methylergometrine after delivery are two interventions that show compact as additional prophylactic interventions (French, 2003). Having a baby by Caesarean section is becoming increasingly common, despite the higher risks associated with the surgery compared to a vaginal birth. One important concern is the risk of infection, which is surrounded by five and 20 times greater for women who undergo scheduled or emergency Caesarean section.According to the Cochra ne Review, the item-by-item most important risk factor for postpartum maternal infection is Caesarean section. The review encourage cited that antibiotics to women undergoing Caesarean section reduced the incidence of fever by 45 percent, wound infection by 39 percent, inflammation of the uterine lining by 38 percent and serious infectious complications for the mother by 31 percent (Nelson, 2010). This approach can significantly lower the risk of endometritis, particularly in women having surgery after extended labor and ruptured membranes.To prevent future infection, most doctors prescribe Cefazolin, which is administered intravenously in a flash after the babys umbilical cord is clamped. If you are at high risk, a second dose may be given eight hours later (French amp Smaill, 2004). The overall goal for the postpartum lymph gland with endometritis is, The patient will be free from infection. Nursing management and general interventions of the patient would include the ingat hering of vaginal and blood cultures, education on handy hygiene, the administration IV antibiotics and analgesics as prescribed.Non-pharmacological interventions include distraction, imagery, relaxation, and action of hot and cold. Non-pharmacological interventions can restore the clients sense of self-control, personal efficacy, and active participation in her care. It is essential that the information and method of delivery of information be tailored to the specific client and family (French amp Smaill, 2004). Secondary to free from infection, an accurate nursing care plan for a postpartum patient with an with endometritis would include 1.The patient will follow a specific, mutually agreed upon, healthcare maintenance plan. (The think of should assume that first-time mothers lack sufficient knowledge regarding condition and treatment diagnosis, and therefore, needs education and specific operating instructions during the postpartum recovery period). If a mother has given birth to more than one child a review of proper heath care regimens is also justifiable. The new mother should receive instruction pertaining to sanitary care for her perineal area. This care would include changing her perineal pad frequently and washing her men afterwards.The presence of a wet pad against sutures is an excellent medium for the development of an infection that could potentially spread to the uterus. The use tampons should be prohibited for six weeks after delivery, since tampon use can cause infection or even toxic shock syndrome. It is the nurses responsibility to promote adequate rest and encourage a generous intake of nutrients and fluids. The patient will report that pain management regimens achieves comfort function goal without adverse effects (Ackley amp Ladwig, 2011).The nurse should administer comfort measures to ease pain and teach the patient proper understanding of the condition as well as taking measures to better the complications of endometritis (Perry, Hockenberry amp Lowdermilk, 2010). 2. The patient will maintain oral temperature within adaptive levels (less than 100. 4 degrees). quantify the womans temperature at the end of the first hour postpartum and then every four hours for the first 22 hours postpartum. Clients with endometritis typically have a fever, chills, general malaise, and may exhibit tachycardia.Oral temperature measurement provides a more accurate temperature than tympanic measurement, auxiliary, or use of a chemical dot thermometer. Use the same site and method device for temperature measurement for a given client so that temperature trends are assessed accurately (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). 3. The patient will report that pain management regimens achieves comfort function goal without adverse effects (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). The importance of prompt reporting of unrelieved pain is the patients responsibility.An important feel toward improved control of pain is a better client understanding of the nature o f pain, its treatment, and the role the client needs to play in pain control (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). Despite the normalcy of childbirth, complications may arise that will have detrimental effects on the postpartum client. These include postpartum hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, and infections such as endometritis. Healthcare providers working with postpartum clients must have a clear understanding of these complications, including the symptoms, nursing interventions, and treatment.A sensible nurse would carefully review the results of laboratory tests for signs of anemia, infection, and electrolyte imbalance. Blood cultures to identify the causative agents of potential infections are typically done, and white blood cell (white cell) counts are monitored. However, it is important to remember that the white blood cell count is normally elevated after delivery for a short period continued monitoring of the WBC count is required in identifying endometritis (French, L. , & Smaill, F. M, 2004).Nearly 90% of women treated with an approved regimen flyer improvement in 48-72 hours. Delay in initiation of antibiotic therapy can result in systemic toxicity. Endometritis is associated with increased maternal mortality due to septic shock. However, mortality is rare in the fall in States because of aggressive antimicrobial management. Most cases of endometritis, including those following cesarean delivery, should be treated in an inpatient setting. For low cases following vaginal delivery, oral antibiotics in an outpatient setting may be adequate (French, L. & Smaill, F. M, 2004). References Ackley, B. J. , & Ladwig, G. B. (2011). Nursing diagnosis handbook An evidence-based guide to planning care. (9th ed. , pp. 47,426-429,446-449,600-604). St. Louis, Missouri Mosby Elsevier. French, L. (2003). Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis. accepted Womens Health Reports, 3(4), 274-279. Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12844449 Fr ench, L. , & Smaill, F. M. (2004). Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Retrieved from http//www. rw. interscience. wiley. com/Cochrane/clsysrev /articles/CD001067/frame. html Mazzeffi, M. A. (2010). Severe postpartum sepsis with prolonged myocardial dysfunction A case report by michael a. mazzeffi and katherine t. chen. Journal of Medical discipline Reports, (4), 318. Retrieved from http//www. jmedicalcasereports. com/content/4/1/318 Moldenhauer, J. S. (2008, November). Puerperal endometritis. Retrieved from http//www. merckmanuals. com/professional/gynecology_and_obstetrics/postpartum_care_and_associated_disorders/puerperal_endometritis. tml Nelson, C. B. (2010, January 22). Routine antibiotic use reduces mothers infection risk from c- section. Health Behavior News Service. Retrieved from http//www. physorg. com/news183387263. html Olsen, M. A. , Butler, A. M. , Willers, D. M. , & Gilad, A. G. (2010). Risk factors for endometritis after low cross(prenominal) cesarean delivery. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 31(1), 69-77. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org. proxy. li. suu. edu2048/stable/10. 1086/649018 Perry, S. E. , Hockenberry, M. J. & Lowdermilk, D. L. (2010). Maternal child nursing care. (4th ed. , pp. 586-587). doc Heights, MO Mosby. Pillitteri, A. (1999) Maternal & Child Health Nursing, (3rd ed. pp. 789-792). Philadelphia PA Lippincott. Rivlin, M. E. (2011, June 14) Endometritis. Retrieved from http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/254169-overview Scott, L. D. , & Hasik, K. J. (2001). The similarities and differences of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 30(3), 332-41.

Portrayals of jesus in the gospels Essay

Each of the four creed contained in the New Testament portrays a different and unique portrait of messiah. blades credo represents rescuer as the suffering servant, while Matthew shows the Nazarene as the hot Moses. Luke stresses deliverer inclusion of the outcasts and then(prenominal) Johns non-synoptic religious doctrine shows savior as divinity fudges presence and as an transcendental figure.Mark portrays Jesus as a powerful yet unrecognized and suffering Messiah. Stories throughout the credo show Jesus to have control over storms, water and demons. He is able to heal lepers, cripples and plurality with withered limps. He also has undaunted authority over e verything including sin and Sabbath laws. Yet the theme of the messianic secret is major within this church doctrine. Jesus often tells people to tell no one of the miracles he performs. This theme is part of the climax of Marks gospel when Peter proclaims that Jesus is Christ and Jesus responds by giving him str ict orders to tell no one. He therefore is the unrecognized Messiah. Mark wrote his gospel to a suffering and fearful faith community. He wrote to inspire faith in them. That is why Mark emphasizes Jesus suffering to his readers so that they canister relate and see that there is no glory without suffering. He therefore shows that in order to have true dominance one must first catch suffering, just as Jesus had.Matthew writes his gospel from a Jewish stand smirch. He is careful to connect Jesus as the legitimate heir to the royal house of David in order to establish Jesus Hebraical roots. Matthew often refers to Hebrew scripture to show Jesus as the fulfillment of the scriptures. He says that Jesus is God present with us. Jesus is portrayed as the new lawgiver in this gospel. He is a teacher who concentrates on the overall being of a person, meaning their actions as well as their thoughts. Matthew stresses that it is just as bad to think impurely as it is to act impure. Jesus has come to perfect the law and to provide ethical teachings to guide his followers. Matthew shows Jesus to pity the under privileged in his interpretation of the Sermon onthe get on where Jesus gives us the Beatitudes. He also shows Jesus scolding much of the upper class, especially the Pharisees whom Jesus is shown to argue with numerous times throughout this gospel.Luke does the opposite of Matthew by writing from a Gentile point of view and directing his gospel toward a Greco-Roman audience. Luke concerns himself with showing that in Jesus the Gentiles are include in the promise of Gods covenant. The major theme of this gospel is that Jesus is the Nazarene. He is the savior of the whole world not just the Jews. Luke portrays Jesus as a passionate messiah by stressing his inclusion of the outcasts. Jesus associated with the tax collectors, woman and physically disadvantaged. Jesus denounces the rich and comfortable in this gospel during the Sermon on the Mount. Luke also downplay s Jesus suffering by excluding much of it from his gospel. An example of this is the absence of the invest of thorns in his gospel. Luke does this to once again portray the more compassionate Jesus. He instead exclusively include Jesus praying for the forgiveness of the crowd and for the criminal next to him on the cross and to give more perplexity to Jesus resurrection and the appearances of the risen Jesus.Johns whole gospel is a portrait of Jesus. He includes new titles and truths that are not contained in any other gospel. Two important titles John quotes Jesus victimisation are I am and the word. By using the term I am John is byword that the kingdom of God has come and that Jesus has always been. The word is Gods logos. This represents the basic estimate of God revealing himself to mankind. It says that Jesus is the one whom God the father used to create the world. John therefore stresses Jesus incarnation and emphasizes the faith factor of believing without seeing.The fo ur gospels are all very unique in portraying Jesus. They cover much of the same material but see Jesus from different point of views because of their different backgrounds. Luke and Matthew are perfect examples because they both believe so dearly in Jesus yet have different views because of their different cultures. The evangelists show that no matter who you are you can relate to Jesus just as they did. By studying the gospels you can see Jesus through your own lens and therefore paint your own portrait of themessiah.

Ethnology and Ethnography

Word Count Dana Trippe Anthropology Essay 2 10/1/2012 There argon deuce major approaches to put one overing information about human polish ethnography and ethnology. Each approach has a specific goal. Each approach employs a variety of methods for information collection and analysis, all of which carry benefits exclusively to a fault challenges. Along with the challenges of entropy collection, field anthropologists face an additional set of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. Anthropology is a laborious field hardly provides an important perspective on cultural diversity.Ethnography and Ethnology some(prenominal) attempt at arrive at certain goals. Ethnography is a written description of a culture based on info compileed from fieldwork, characterized by two methods, participant contemplation and interviews. When an anthropologist is researching through participant observation, they are attempting to study a culture while still filtering to maintain the eye of a n objective observer. A nonher form of get data for ethnography is through interviews. Through interviews, either formal or informal, the anthropologist is attempting to receive and collect famed data.Formal interviews are more scripted and reduce the situational bias the anthropologists may experience. Informal interviews are more turn over ended questions that allow the informant to talk about what they think is more important in their culture. These interviews washbowl help suffert a more actual description of culture of what their beliefs and lifestyles are, instead of an ideal culture. Sterk stated that the interviewer becomes much more tangled in the interview when conversations are in-depth, more than when a organize questionnaire is being used (Sterk 2000 27).Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through school contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers flummox compiled and because compares and contrasts distinguishab le cultures. Ethnology is the comparative study of cultures with the aim of presenting analytical generalizations about human culture. Anthropologists do not blaspheme on data from just unmatched study to make interpretive statements about human conditions (Lenkeit 16). Ethnology also uses forms of quantification, to help make their data easily comparable, and discable. Ethnography employs two methods of research, articipant observation and interviews. . This method back tooth constitute an accurate view of the culture from an insiders perspective. To truly discover the bits and pieces of a culture, subculture, or micro culture, one essential commit to spending extensive time in that cultural environment (Lenkeit 13). In the field, anthropologists piece of ass also deal with daily challenges. These challenges screwing include food problems, safety and health issues, , culture shock, and are also very prone to catching diseases (Lenkeit 2012 56). Napoleon Chagnon endured an i ncident with his health while doing fieldwork with the Yonomamo batch of gray Venezuela.Chagnon recounted that he reacted violently to something in the field, and red welts appeared all over his body. He was weak, nauseated, thirsty, and couldnt breathe well. The pain was rough but it can be something most anthropologists will experience in the field. (Chagnon 1974 174) In American culture, privacy is something people expect to go for, and may even take for granted. Martha Ward reported her work with the people of Pohnpeian as a constant challenge. She said that privacy is a bad word in Pohnpeian, but she craved privacy like a physical ache and lusted to be alone (Lenkeit 2012 56).Chagnon also yearned for privacy while in the field. He said the hardest thing to learn to live with was the incessant and often self-asserting demands and threats they would make. Chagnon recounted that day and night for almost the entire time he lived with the Yanomamo, he was plagued by such deman ds as If you dont take me with you on your next trip to Widokaiyateri, Ill chop a location in your canoe and Give me an ax or Ill break into your hut when you are out and steal all of them he was bombarded by such demands day after day, until he could not generate to see a Yanomamo at times (Chagnon 1968 5).It can be very challenging to become adjust to the cultures lifestyle, where these constant problems occur. Ethnographers also conduct their research through interviews. Interviews are a direct way to gather information, but sometimes they can be faulty. Informal and formal interviews can both come with benefits. They both riposte in-depth information about the subjects lives, coming directly from the subject. But, at that place are cases where the informant will chip in false information, idealize their lives, and simply not want to cooperate. Chagnon used interviews to record genealogical lines of the Yanomamo people.When Chagnon attempted to record all of the patter ns and family lines of the Yanomamo people, they would give false information. They have very stringent name taboos and eschew mentioning the names of prominent living people as well as all deceased friends and relatives. The Yanomamo did not have much entertainment in their lives, so they took any chance they could get to mess around with the sportsmanlike man and get entertainment from it. Each informant would try to outdo his peers by inventing a name even more preposterous than what Chagnon had been given by someone earlier. Chagnon 1968 6) Also, it can be hard to stimulate interviews when there are language barriers, such as language. Chagnon did not know what language the Yanomamo spoke, because he was the freshman civilized white man to come into their village. Chagnon had to go back to his eld of puerility, where language had to be late and carefully learned. It took him a long time to finally understand the language, but after, he could get descriptive information from the villagers about their hi narrative and culture (Video). Ethnology includes methodological approaches of making comparisons and quantifications.Comparisons can help the anthropologist compare occurrent and previously recorded data. They can see differences across different cultures, and changes that have occurred over time within a culture. Comparisons are commonly make within one culture. Sterk found that there were vast differences between the prostitutes living on the streets, and those living in crack houses. Those who lived in crack houses were less likely to give informal interviews because they always had their pimp looking over their shoulder. Also she made comparisons on when the women made their customers slang condoms.They would make their decisions depending on the different types of partners, types of sex acts, and social context. (Sterk 2000 26). Another form of comparisons is across two different cultures. When Laura Bohannon was doing fieldwork with the Tiv of West Africa she found that the village was formed around story telling. They wanted to hear a story of hers so she went on to tell the story of small town, and could instantly pick up on differences in their cultures. When Bohannon told them that village was sad his mother had married so quickly, and had not waited the two year mourning detail.The villagers objected two years is too long Who will hoe your farms for you while you have no husband? and when she said Hamlet talked to his dead father, they screamed Omens cannot speak The villagers changed the story to their liking, so that it would fit their standards better (Bohannon 1966 2). Cultures all are unique and have different standards that go hand in hand with them. Other comparisons are ones that can be made over time, which can also be the faultiest data. When Margaret Meade went to Samoa for fieldwork in the 1930s, she collected data that the girls in Samoa were quite promiscuous.When Anthropologist, Derrick Freeman, went to Samoa to modify the data in the 1970s he reported that the girls were actually very shy and not promiscuous. Comparisons can calculate to shoddy data, because a culture may have changed drastically over a certain period of time. This comparison is variable because the definition of promiscuous could have changed over that many years and even the Samoan standards could have changed. (Lecture 9/10/12) The other ethnological method is that of quantification. Quantification is the anthropologist translating their studies into numerical or quantitative data.Humans can see information quantified every day, from the daily weather reports, to political poles. (Lecture 9/10/12) Numerical data gives good magnitude and is easy to compare. Usually to collect this data they use samples. They can use a random sample that tries to eliminate bias by giving everyone an equal chance to get interviewed. Samples can usually be very faulty, for the reason that sample sizes are usually not big enough, and to not represent enough people or information to make an accurate assessment of a culture.This data gives people a better understanding of data but can sometimes be manipulated and misleading (Lenkeit 64). Ethnology and Ethnography can each come with their own sets of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. These issues usually appear when the anthropologist is in direct contact with their research and subjects. Numerous ethical and moral issues appear when the anthropologist is in the field of participant observation and it can be hard for them to stay objective. Anthropologists prepare themselves for these challenges with resources like the American Anthropologist Association.Because Anthropologists can find themselves in complex situations and are subject to more than one code of ethics, the AAA code of ethics provides a framework, not an iron clad formula, for making decisions. (Lenkeit 50) Claire Sterk was doing fieldwork with a group of prostitutes in the Ne w York area, where she came across these attractive of decisions. The women would repeatedly refuse to make the men they slept with to wear condoms, even though the risk of HIV and help was huge in their lives. She as concerned for them, but also could not get too involved in fear of insulting the women. There is an ethical line for anthropologists that can often become blurry. (Sterk 200026) With these methods, there is the challenge of ethnocentrism, because if an anthropologist thinks that their culture is the center of the world, they will not be able to comprehend other cultures in an objective way, and instead think of them as primitive beings that are not living the right way. Anthropologists essential remember to enter their fieldwork using the perspective of cultural relativism.Cultural relativism is the idea that and aspect of a culture must be viewed and evaluated within the context of that culture. In cultures like the Massai, where female circumcision is regarded fro m a different perspective by the rest of the world, people must use cultural relativism to understand their practices. According to their traditions and practices, it is meant to have a positive rather than a negative effect on the girl. It is supposed to reduce a womans desire for sex and reduce immorality. Another thing is that traditionally, it is a rite of passage.It marks the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood. The fact that their practices are much different than those of more developed cultures shouldnt lead to them being seen harshly or as less intelligent. (Olekina 2006) With this perspective anthropologists can more objectively describe a cultural system and all of the customs, beliefs, and activities, that fit into it. This approach leads to a greater awareness, tolerance, and acceptance of the culture the anthropologist is studying. (Lenkeit 201217) Anthropologists collect most of their data through ethnology and ethnography.They must overcome the obstacles in order to get to the goals that Ethnography and Ethnology try to reach. When doing fieldwork, moral and ethical issues can plague anthropologists research, and they learn to adapt to these issues in order to gather necessary data, observation, interviews, comparisons, and quantification all have their own ways of deriving information. Each method has its faults, and can be misleading, but all anthropological methods attempt to unravel all of the bits and pieces that make a culture what it is.

SWOT Analysis Tencent Limited Holding

IntroductionIn March 2010 McKinsey published an article dealing with the infantile fixation of the meshwork of the Chinese population by concluding the pastime statement People in the provinces 60 largest cities spend 70 percent of their leisure time online. Seismic changes in the consumer foodstuff atomic number 18 likely as a result.1 Chinas Internet population increase at the end of 2012 to a total number of 564 million use of goods and servicesrs compared to approximately 250 million users in 2008, match to the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIN).2 The main reasons for this enormous growth is strongly committed with divergent aspects, as for cause the general growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP), lower priced computers, much affordable telecom friendship fees, authorities support to Internet usage, and low-cost entertainment aspects. This affected, that overly lower income groups started to use the Internet.3 Answering to this sporting learning and growth of Chinas Internet population, the Internet service industry is ab let on to increase up to 17 percentages in 2013. In the last historic period, the Internet service industry achieved even annual growing pass judgment up to 20 percentages, resulting of the booming demand.The Internet foodstuff seems to be quite satisfied for the moment thus far even in the next age investigatees forecast an annual growth of approximately 10 percentages. This is over overdue to the expansion of existing offers in the area of e-commerce and advertising serve.4 Observing the numbers, 148 million people move over already experienced Internet shopping since 2010 and it is expected that 30 million people will addition tout ensembley shake up use of it by the end of 2015.5 The Economist stated, the future of e-commerce is China.6 anyhow the e-commerce and ad services also the application services became more and more most-valuable over the last years because of the introduction of smartph mavens and tablets.7Recognizing the trends, Tencent Holdings hold in decided 20 years ago to enter the market and finally became the largest Internet Service ingress in China. Tencent still enjoys a quasi monopoly position, which is hardly endangered due to rising competition. That is the reason why they need to think about using bleak opportunities and fending upcoming threats. Consequently Tencent should carry out a Strengths-, Weaknesses-, Opportunities-, Threats-Analysis (SWOT-Analysis), which includes the study of their own weaknesses and strengths in the internal dimension and the resulting opportunities and threats giving from external influences.This paper will first off give an overview about the internal strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore Tencents external environment will be analyze and the results will be used for defining the opportunities and threats of the company Before starting with the literal SWOT-Analysis for Tencent the first Chapter gives a shor t explanation about SWOT-Analysis in general.2 Definition SWOT- Analysis As menti oned in the introduction, there are two different parts of changes in the environment, which lead to affect the performance of companies. This chapter will explain the divagation between internal and external environment and their interaction. Furthermore the next part will explain the so-called SWOT-Analysis in detail.Internal environment analysis points out strengths and weaknesses of a company that in turn, supports finis-making processes concerning the handling of upcoming threats and opportunities.8 versed which strengths and weaknesses the company has to face, the internal environment analysis studies aspects like assets, people or knowledge on the one hand and financial deadlines or gaps in capabilities on the different hand.9 Analyzing the internal environment is very important because it defines the capability of the company to deal with the threats and opportunities given by the externa l environment.10 External environment deals with all outgrowths on the marketplace, including political, economical, social, legal and technical conditions as well as customers, competitors, suppliers and the public. Changes in the external environment or the so-called STEEP (socialcultural, technological, ecological, economical, political/legal)force the companies in most cases to rethink their actual strategy, to nettle use of the emerged opportunities and to resist occurring threats.11 As for instance using the development of a new market as prospect or dealing with threats as new competitors or decreasing demand.12 To use opportunities means to develop a best-practice strategy. Regarding this, companies ca-ca to decide, whether it is the best opportunity to offer something in short supply, to provide something in a better means what already exists, or to create a totally new product.13 Concerning to that, the company has to know if there exists demand, necessarily and wan ts for the product they want to provide.14 Facing threats and non trying to fend them often leads to decreasing profits or lower sales. On the one hand knowing these threats gives the opportunity to react and trying to evacuate, that threats are passing game to influence the companys performance.15 On the other hand firms often do non have control over the threats, which affects the company negatively like for instance new competitors are entering the marketplace. This results in giving up potential customers and thus decreasing demand.16Bringing the internal and external environment analysis unitedly is what you call a SWOT-Analysis. The SWOT-Analysis evaluates all strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a company, which builds the base for a strategy formulation.17 Meaning that knowing the strengths and mow weaknesses help companies to use opportunities on the one side, On the other side to use strengths and develop strategies to avoid that weaknesses will become the target of threats. After this short definition of the SWOT-Analysis the next step will be to work out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Tencent Holdings Limited. 3 SWOT-Analysis of Tencent Holdings Limited3.2 Internal Environment AnalysisAs mentioned in the Introduction the Internet Industry in China is booming. To cover all possible marketplaces in the Internet Tencent offers a broad range of products and services. alike the most popular service, the instant Messenger called QQ including numerous added services, Tencent provides online media, (wireless) profit value added services, interactiveentertainment services, in particular in the online-gaming sector, e-commerce platforms and services as well as online advertisement services.18 Tencent also follows latest trends, as for instance launching a energetic application of a messaging service and added games and a mobile earnings system, because of the latest development of using smartphones and t ablets instead of personal computers.19 Tencent is one of the oldest Internet corporations in China and with its QQ platform the company reached 798,2 million user accounts by the end of 2012.20 As a result, Tencent influenced the communication world in China fundamentally. Another strengths lies definitely in the broad product and service offer of Tencent and the way in which they create synergies. The company offers seven main telephone circuit lines, starting from instant messaging to online advertisement services. Besides just oblation free services, Tencent tries to bind their users to the companys value-added and paid services, in order to make profit.21 The strategy aims to offer the Internet population the scuttle to use a wide variety of services in one company.Furthermore Tencent could gain a stage set of experiences and knowledge over the past 20 years as one of the first providers in the Internet service sector, which signifi rattly strengthened the companys research and development abilities. Despite having already the mature technology in the market, half of the employees of Tencent be bulky to the interrogation and Development department, to ensure Tencents current market leading position and sustain this competitive advantage. additionally to that the Tencent Research institute, which is Chinas first Internet institute with the main goals in research and development of core technology on the Internet, supports the corporation in being innovative.22 Another strength of Tencent is their workforce as Tencent sees them as the most precious asset and emphasized on the training of employees by using different Training Systems.23 barely Tencent Holdings Limited is the third largest Internet operator in the world and the largest listed company in China.24 Benefitting from many advantages due to the companiescompanys size there are also weaknesses the company has to face. In the following part the internal environment focuses on revealing the we aknesses of Tencent.Regarding the large variety of the product range Tencent,Tencent faces the apprehension of bottomlandnibalization because it creates a competitive situation in between their products. An font can be giving by the different instantmessaging services WeChat and QQ or TM and RTX, which serve the same purpose. Besides that QQ mobile courier gets more and more the look of WeChat, which makes it even more competitive and leads to higher confusion for the consumers.25 Moreover Tencent greatest weakness is being not really innovative rather than being a replicate cat. This occurs with the fact, that Tencent copied a lot from successful western companies. QQ for example is a copy of the Israeli figure ICQ and SOSO, the search locomotive of Tencent uses especially Google as a model.To conclude the internal environment analysis, one can summarize, that Tencent is a highly developed company with a lot of market power due to their long existence. On the opposite Tencent can notcannot convince with real innovative power. To get an idea what influences TencentsTencents decision externally the next step will be to analyze the current market situation of the Internet market in China.3.1 External Environment AnalysisTencent operates in a highly challenging and rapidly changing environment. To get an idea what external impacts Tencent has to face it is important to know, what external factors the Chinese Internet market is about. As already mentioned China, faces a fast growing market in e-commerce because of the increasing number of Internet shoppers. The authorities noticed the splendor of this growing market as well and plans to upgrade the technological capabilities of e-commerce.27 Another importance opportunity lies in using the governmental support, which is communicated in the 12th five-year plan and includes the support for the new-generation IT and additionally the happen of the information networks, mobile communication and the Internet.2 8 China is nowadays the largest Internet market in the world, which implicates that it is also one of the most competitive markets in the world.In addition to the high development of the Internet scene many companies entered the market in the last years, which leads to a highly competitive situation in general. Chinas Internet population is still growing but the annual growing ratio halved already from 20 percentages in the last years to 10 percentages as forecasted. Besides that, more and morestartups enter the markets, which results sooner or later in a fully satisfied market and a loss in profit and market share.As an example for the highly competitive market, the image below shows the current competition situation on the search engine market in China.There are already eight providers only for search engines on the market including internationalist companies like Yahoo and Google. The low market share of these international companies underlines the fact, that there are still res trictions from the government concerning the fully market entry of these companies.Image China Search Engine Market Share in portentous 201330 level off if governmental regulations already have relaxed a bit, Chinese Internet sector faces still a lot of restrictions. Chinas Internet companies benefit by this, because many foreign websites are still blocked and they are not exposed to powerful competitors like Facebook. This in consequence creates the possibility to develop and strengthen own applications. On the other hand it could become a threat as soon as the government decides to abolish this restrictions. Chinese Internet companies then have to face the full international competition against global players as for example Google.31 After giving this overview about the external and internal environment the next chapter will use this information by concluding recommendations about Tencents future strategy.3.3 SWOT-Analysis and RecommendationsTencent entered the Internet market i n many different dimensions and accordingly places their product and service offering. Due to the previous analysis, there are especially collar main product categories where Tencent should use their opportunities in further expansion. Firstly, Tencent should, due to the growth-intensive market segment, expand their e-commerce offer by developing for instance their website Papai.com. To even attract more possible Internet shoppers, they also should expand their online advertisement services. Thus, they can make use of synergies they already created through their broad offers, by linking their advertisements services with the shopping sites they own. This siemens measure, leads to the creationof new potential profit zones.Thirdly, Tencent should not only focus on expanding existing offers but also develop new products, as for instance in the sector of cloud computing. By doing so, they can fully exhausting governmental support. Taking into consideration, that the market will be ope ned up in the long-term, Tencent should emphasis their innovation process on new products and services for the national and also international market. This should not be very difficult to accomplish, since Tencent disposes of a highly experienced workforce in Research and Development. This in consequence will enable the company to expand international and compete with other global players. If Tencent wants to exert their position as the third largest Internet company in the world they have to continue growing their business. Considering the slower growing Internet population in China, Tencent needs to go international to keep their growing position.Tencent did this by investing in foreign companies as for instance in the case of FAB.3233 This expansion should be continued in order to gain international market share and increase their portfolio in other Internet based services, as well as to improve their overall operational capability. Another possibility to do so is by expanding t hrough strategic alliances By building strategic business partnerships at bottom China and gaining market share in several sectors Tencent is also able to fend the threat of market entry by international Internet companies in turn. Tencent furthermore has got a highly influence on the communication world in China as one of the oldest Internet company and built already a lot of barriers for international companies.Taking the messenger service QQ as an example for the mostly used messenger in China it enjoys a very high customer liability. Consequently Tencent could prevent loosing their position in China because although of the feared abolishment of several governmental restrictions concerning the entry of international companies. Additionally Tencent should try to avoid that QQ gets more and more the look of WeChat. As already explained, this could tempt users to change to competitors because of confusion. In this case, Tencent should favor cannibalization by offering differentiate d products of the same purpose, to avoid losing costumers to competitors. The image below shows a summery of the named points and what the SWOT-Analysis and recommendations for the Tencent Holdings Limited contain.Image 2 SWOTs of Tencent Holdings Limited344 ConclusionInternet business in China is still one of the fastest growing industries in the world and Tencent used and uses this opportunity a lot in expanding existing products, launching new services and developing better solutions for the internet population in general. These actions are supported by the try of going more and more international. Even though the external environment analysis showed that the Internet market is influenced by many factors, which co-determines the performance of Tencent an all the other Internet companies. To reach the best performance they could get, Tencent has to use its strengths and to improve its weaknesses to make the best out of every trend, meaning using opportunities and fending threats.T o summarize what the work pointed out in the previous chapter, Tencent shouldTencent should expand their e-commerce and their online advertisement services. Moreover there is a big opportunity to create national and international strategic businesses boulder clay the investments or the development of own innovations, which should be easily possible due to he strong research and development activity of Tencent. Additionally to that, Tencent already is the third largest Internet company worldwide, which makes it easier for them to enter international markets and gaining new customers all around the world.Regarding the governmental aspects, Tencent needs to use the supports given by the government and stress the development of new systems. Furthermore Tencent should definitely try to further build their market entry barriers. As a conclusion, the SWOT-Analysis of Tencent Holdings Limited showed, that the company is rightly positioned at the top in the worlds largest Internet market, d ue their numerous strengths. But in times of liberalization, globalization and an almost satisfied domestic market, Tencent has to fight against the identify threats in the upcoming years.